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Overjustification effect




  The overjustification effect happens when an external incentive, such as money, decreases intrinsic motivation to do something. By way of self-perception theory, people pay more attention to the incentive and less attention to the satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity. Overall, its a move from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation.



  In a classic experiment, a group of 3 to 5 year-old children were promised ribbons for drawing with felt-tipped pens. A second group wrote with the pens and received the unexpected reward of the ribbons, too. A third group did not get a reward. In free play, the children who won rewards used the felt-tipped pens less. Conclusion: expected rewards undermine intrinsic motivation of previously enjoyable activities.



  Self-perception theory, people infer causes about their behavior based on external constraints. Tangible rewards, money, are perceived as controlling or coercive. It seems unexpected rewards, praise, is not considered a threat.



  The overjustification effect is controversial because it challenges reinforcement and the use of incentives in school. Other findings, rewards for outperforming or doing something uninteresting lead to increased motivation.



  Research finds to preserve autonomy and competence, focus on intrinsic reward. When the task is low on intrinsic value, chores, external rewards can apply. Pizza Hut's Book It program offered reward, but participants developed the desire to read, equally, as well.



  Attribution theory reads learners are motivated by feeling good about themselves. It emphasizes self-perception, influences their assessment of their performance.



  Self-handicapping defines biased causal inference, praise or blame attributed to success or failure. One student says  "I got an A because I'm smart and I studied."  The other student says, "I got an F because the teacher doesn't like me."



  A self-serving bias attributes success to personal, internal factors, but, alledge factors beyond control contributed to failure. Self-serving bias can lead to the 'better than average' effect, the illusory superiority of believing your driving skills, social sensitivity, leadership ability is without comparison.





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