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Audience effect




  The audience effect is the impact that a passive audience has on someone completing a task. Studies show a passive audience helped in a simple task, but that presence caused difficulty in completing a harder task.



   Drive theory concerns motivation. It contends people have psychological needs, when the needs are not satisfied, tension develops. When needs are satisfied, drive is reduced, we are brought to a calm, relaxed, all is good in the world attitude. The theory proposes drives increase over time, and, like a thermostat, operate on a feedback control system.



   Criticism of drive theory questions how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money, itself, does not satisfy a biological or psychological need, but reduces drive by a regular paycheck. Secondly, it does not explain why humans increase tension in exploring the environment, even when they are not hungry or thirsty.



  This arousal creates the drive to put us on our best behavior. If the dominant response is correct, or easy, social pressure produces an improved performance. If the response is incorrect, or hard, yields an impaired performance.



  Clark Leonard Hull has worked with drive theory. His philosophy; organisms suffer deprivation. Deprivation creates needs. Needs activate drives. Drives activate behavior. Behavior is goal directed. Achieving the goal has survival value.



  Someone with a high time preference focuses on his well-being in the present, on the immediate future relative to the average person. Someone with low time preference puts more emphasis on their well-being toward the future.



   Austrian economist Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk says there is always a difference in the value of present goods and future goods. A difference in quality, quantity and form. The value of future goods diminishes with the length of time needed to accomplish.

   Bohm-Bawerk cites three reasons; in a growing economy the supply of future goods is larger than the present, future needs are underestimated by carelessness and shortsightedness, enterpreneurs would rather use present goods, instead of delaying production waiting for future goods.





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