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Aggression




  In psychology and social sciences, aggression, or combativeness, refers to behavior between same species to cause pain or harm. To show aggression toward members of another species is common, lions are aggressive hunters of antelopes, eagles aggressive hunters of small mammals.



 Physical aggression is different than violence. Aggression, the initation of violence. Often, retaliatory violence is not considered aggressive, because it is responsive and defensive.



  Aggression serves the purpose of establishing a dominance heirarchy. Certain animals, initiated in a common environment, first try to establish their role in the dominance heirarchy. Generally, the more dominant animals are more aggressive than subordinates. Aggression found to lessen about a day after initiation.



  One theory states when one sex makes a higher parental investment, considered a resource for which the other competes. This, generally, the female sex.



  For males, important to dominance establishment, to hold resource for reproductive opportunity to pass on genes. Male reproductive success is compelled by the number of partners they can mate with. As a result males get into more physical aggression than females, take more risks to compete with other males, to up their status.



  Dominance establishment is more costly for females, they have less to gain from going after status. Aggression in females focuses mainly on resource acquisition, more likely to take less physically dangerous and more covert indirect aggression.



  There is evidence males are more quick to aggression, more likely to express aggression physically. Some scientists argue, concerning relational aggression and social rejection, though, rarely shown physically, females can be quite aggressive.



  Children must be taught, early, to develop the social skill of being assertive, asking others for information, initating conversation, dealing with peer pressure. Assertive behavior can help learning, but, with young children aggressive behavior can be good, leading to communication skill and conflict resolution. By school age, children should learn more socially appropriate communication skill, verbal or written language. Children should be provided effective and socially acceptable ways of handling anger, careful not to reinforce aggression with aggressive punishment. By managing your own temper, providing example of acceptable behavior. Keeping in mind, occasional outbursts are normal.



  Violent females have been found to engage in self-harm, unpopularity and depression. Female aggression among children more likely than males. Teachers have found overtly aggressive females more maladjusted than males. A universal violence prevention program found stronger support for non-violence, less acceptance of the use of violence among males than females. A similar program aimed at improving social competency reduced physical fighting among boys, but not girls.





Wikipedia