Hedonism
Hedonism, the school of thought, pleasure is the only intrinsic good. The term justifys the evaluation, the balance of how much pleasure and how little pain is produced. A hedonist strives to maximize net pleasure, minus the pain.
The Cyrenaics taught pleasure is the only intrinsic good, not just the absence of pain, but positively enjoyable sensations. Momentary physical pleasures are stronger than anticipatory or those of memory. Recognizing social obligation, the Cyrenaics believed pleasure could be gained by altruism.
Epicureans believed the greatest good, seek modest pleasure in a state of tranquility and freedom from fear. Through the limitation of desire, free of pain through knowledge of the workings of the world. The combination of these two, happiness in its highest form.
Epicureans believed friendship and living a virtuous life constituted happiness, even bordering asceticism, abstention from bodily desire, sex and appetites, as well.
Epicureans urge the pursuit of our own pleasure, but never suggest we live selfish lives, in any way, keeping others from their pursuit.
Democritus, an early hedonist, claimed contentment or cheerfulness, the supreme goal in life, joy and sorrow, marks of a beneficial and harmful value.
Jeremy Bentham believed the value of pleasure is its intensity multiplied by its duration. Not just the number of pleasures, but their intensity and how long they lasted considered.
John Stuart Mill suggests different levels of pleasure, higher quality pleasure better than lower quality pleasure. The more elaborate beings tend to spend more thought on elite matters, less time for simple pleasure.
Wikipedia
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Tend and befriend
Tend and befriend behavior is shown by animals, including human, when under threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking social group for mutual defense (befriending).
The dominant model of human responses to stress has been the fight or flight response. In response to threat humans, and other animals, can become aggressive and confront a stressor (fight) or flee, through avoidant coping, social withdrawl or substance abuse. Another tendency is to affiliate, to come together in groups in threatening times.
This tend and befriend response refers to people managing threats by caring for offspring and seeking social support in stressful times.
Evolutionary base suggests females prefer the tend and befriend response than men. In history, work was sex segregated, women more responsible for child care. Selection pressures for response to threat that benefits self and offspring, would have been greater for women than men, favoring social response to female threat. Research shows women more likely to seek their own during stress, than men.
The need for affiliation describes the need to feel a sense of involvement and belonging within a social group. David McClelland coined the term, extending Henry Murray's work finding human need and motivational processes. Murray set the taxonomy of needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Those with a high need for affiliation require warm interpersonal relationships and approval from regular contact. High need for affiliation support team members, but less effective in leadership.
Fear leads people to congregate, triggering a need for affiliation. Schacter found anxious fear increases the need to affiliate with others who have gone through the same situation or others who could help them. The strength of this need varies among different people, sometimes people just want to be together.
The need for affiliation can be increased or decreased. Yacov Rofe suggests the need for affiliation depends on whether other's input is necessary. Obviously, when another's opinion is valued, affiliation increases. Similarly, if involvement means being more embarrassed, affiliation decreases. Individual need for affiliation varies as people want an optimal balance of time to theirselves and time spent with others.
Achievement motivated typically try to master tasks or situations. They prefer moderate amounts of difficulty, prefer work based on effort, and want feedback.
High need for affiliation prefer spending time creating and maintaining relationships, being part of groups, desire feeling loved and accepted. Because they worry too much how others perceive them, they do not make good managers.
The motivational need comes from the desire to teach, encourage or influence others. Here, people enjoy work and value discipline. The down side: group goals become zero-sum, in nature. For one to win, another must lose.
McClelland proposes top management should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. The need for acheivement can make good managers, though not best suited for top management positions.
Wikipedia
Tend and befriend behavior is shown by animals, including human, when under threat. It refers to protection of offspring (tending) and seeking social group for mutual defense (befriending).
The dominant model of human responses to stress has been the fight or flight response. In response to threat humans, and other animals, can become aggressive and confront a stressor (fight) or flee, through avoidant coping, social withdrawl or substance abuse. Another tendency is to affiliate, to come together in groups in threatening times.
This tend and befriend response refers to people managing threats by caring for offspring and seeking social support in stressful times.
Evolutionary base suggests females prefer the tend and befriend response than men. In history, work was sex segregated, women more responsible for child care. Selection pressures for response to threat that benefits self and offspring, would have been greater for women than men, favoring social response to female threat. Research shows women more likely to seek their own during stress, than men.
The need for affiliation describes the need to feel a sense of involvement and belonging within a social group. David McClelland coined the term, extending Henry Murray's work finding human need and motivational processes. Murray set the taxonomy of needs, achievement, power and affiliation. Those with a high need for affiliation require warm interpersonal relationships and approval from regular contact. High need for affiliation support team members, but less effective in leadership.
Fear leads people to congregate, triggering a need for affiliation. Schacter found anxious fear increases the need to affiliate with others who have gone through the same situation or others who could help them. The strength of this need varies among different people, sometimes people just want to be together.
The need for affiliation can be increased or decreased. Yacov Rofe suggests the need for affiliation depends on whether other's input is necessary. Obviously, when another's opinion is valued, affiliation increases. Similarly, if involvement means being more embarrassed, affiliation decreases. Individual need for affiliation varies as people want an optimal balance of time to theirselves and time spent with others.
Achievement motivated typically try to master tasks or situations. They prefer moderate amounts of difficulty, prefer work based on effort, and want feedback.
High need for affiliation prefer spending time creating and maintaining relationships, being part of groups, desire feeling loved and accepted. Because they worry too much how others perceive them, they do not make good managers.
The motivational need comes from the desire to teach, encourage or influence others. Here, people enjoy work and value discipline. The down side: group goals become zero-sum, in nature. For one to win, another must lose.
McClelland proposes top management should have a high need for power and a low need for affiliation. The need for acheivement can make good managers, though not best suited for top management positions.
Wikipedia
Friday, February 25, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Love styles
Love styles are models of how people love. John Lee identified six basic colors of love.
Eros, Ludus, Storge, Pragma, Mania and Agape.
Eros, a passionate and emotional love based on aesthetic enjoyment, stereotypical of romantic love. Erotic lovers view marriage as an extended honeymoon, sex, the ultimate aesthetic experience. They have pet names for lovers, snugglebottom. A hopeless romantic. Others see the erotic as unrealistic, trapped in a fantasy. Erotic love is sentimental. It is relaxing. The disadvantage is the decay in attraction, the danger of living in a fantasy world. In extreme, eros displays naivete.
Ludic lovers are players. More interested in quantity than quality of relationships, ludic lovers want to have as much fun as possible. Ludic lovers chose partners by playing the field, quickly recover from break-ups. Ludics see marriage as a trap. Ludics, the most likely to step out. They might see children, a sign of fertility or of the masculinity of the father. Sex is a conquest or sport, they engage in challenging relationships. The disadvantage of ludic is infidelity. In extreme, ludic becomes promiscuous.
Storgic lovers are first friends. Storgic love gradually develops out of friendship. The friendship can last beyond the break-up. Storgic chose mates based on like with like, confuse the 'moment' falling in love. Storgics want their significant other to be their best friend. Storgics place importance on committment, they find the motivation to avoid committing adultery to preserve trust between partners. Marriage and children are good forms of bonds. Storgic put less value on sex. This involves having respect and understanding for one another. Storgic love advantage is the level of intimacy between partners. The disadvantage, a lack of passion.
Pragmatic lovers think rationally and realistically about their expectations from a partner. They select partners like comparison shopping. Pragmatics want to find value in their partners, and, ultimately, want to work with their partner to reach a common goal. Pragmatics avoid infidelity to steer away from adverse consequences, carefully weigh the costs and rewards of relationships. Pragmatics see sex as a reward, a means of procreation. Children are seen as potential assets and liabilities. The advantage of pragmatic is realism, practicality. The disadvantage the undemonstrativeness and lack of emotion.
Manic lovers often have low self-esteem, the relationship very important. Manic lovers speak of partners in terms of possessions and superlatives, they feel they need their partners. Love is a means of rescue, a reinforcement of value. Manic lovers find partners by haphazard means. Manic lovers fear getting caught in adultery. Marriage seen as ownership, children as competition or as a substitute for their lover. Sex is a reassurance of love. Manics are often anxious or insecure, and can be jealous. The advantage of manic love is intensity. The disadvantages include jealousy, obsessiveness and 'can't get enough'. In the extreme, manic becomes addiction or codependency.
Agapic love is self-sacrificing, all encompassing. Agapic are spiritual or religious. Agapics see their partner as a blessing, they are fond of. Agapic lovers are true to avoid causing pain. Agapics are likely to be found 'standing in the rain' after a break-up. Marriage and children are sacred trusts, sex, a gift between two people. Agapic love is seen as unconditional, but can, easily, lose themselves attending to the other. The advantage of agapic love is generosity. The disadvatage it can bring on guilt or feelings of incompetence. In the extreme, agapic becomes martyrdom.
Wikipedia
Love styles are models of how people love. John Lee identified six basic colors of love.
Eros, Ludus, Storge, Pragma, Mania and Agape.
Eros, a passionate and emotional love based on aesthetic enjoyment, stereotypical of romantic love. Erotic lovers view marriage as an extended honeymoon, sex, the ultimate aesthetic experience. They have pet names for lovers, snugglebottom. A hopeless romantic. Others see the erotic as unrealistic, trapped in a fantasy. Erotic love is sentimental. It is relaxing. The disadvantage is the decay in attraction, the danger of living in a fantasy world. In extreme, eros displays naivete.
Ludic lovers are players. More interested in quantity than quality of relationships, ludic lovers want to have as much fun as possible. Ludic lovers chose partners by playing the field, quickly recover from break-ups. Ludics see marriage as a trap. Ludics, the most likely to step out. They might see children, a sign of fertility or of the masculinity of the father. Sex is a conquest or sport, they engage in challenging relationships. The disadvantage of ludic is infidelity. In extreme, ludic becomes promiscuous.
Storgic lovers are first friends. Storgic love gradually develops out of friendship. The friendship can last beyond the break-up. Storgic chose mates based on like with like, confuse the 'moment' falling in love. Storgics want their significant other to be their best friend. Storgics place importance on committment, they find the motivation to avoid committing adultery to preserve trust between partners. Marriage and children are good forms of bonds. Storgic put less value on sex. This involves having respect and understanding for one another. Storgic love advantage is the level of intimacy between partners. The disadvantage, a lack of passion.
Pragmatic lovers think rationally and realistically about their expectations from a partner. They select partners like comparison shopping. Pragmatics want to find value in their partners, and, ultimately, want to work with their partner to reach a common goal. Pragmatics avoid infidelity to steer away from adverse consequences, carefully weigh the costs and rewards of relationships. Pragmatics see sex as a reward, a means of procreation. Children are seen as potential assets and liabilities. The advantage of pragmatic is realism, practicality. The disadvantage the undemonstrativeness and lack of emotion.
Manic lovers often have low self-esteem, the relationship very important. Manic lovers speak of partners in terms of possessions and superlatives, they feel they need their partners. Love is a means of rescue, a reinforcement of value. Manic lovers find partners by haphazard means. Manic lovers fear getting caught in adultery. Marriage seen as ownership, children as competition or as a substitute for their lover. Sex is a reassurance of love. Manics are often anxious or insecure, and can be jealous. The advantage of manic love is intensity. The disadvantages include jealousy, obsessiveness and 'can't get enough'. In the extreme, manic becomes addiction or codependency.
Agapic love is self-sacrificing, all encompassing. Agapic are spiritual or religious. Agapics see their partner as a blessing, they are fond of. Agapic lovers are true to avoid causing pain. Agapics are likely to be found 'standing in the rain' after a break-up. Marriage and children are sacred trusts, sex, a gift between two people. Agapic love is seen as unconditional, but can, easily, lose themselves attending to the other. The advantage of agapic love is generosity. The disadvatage it can bring on guilt or feelings of incompetence. In the extreme, agapic becomes martyrdom.
Wikipedia
Thursday, February 24, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Adolescence
Around the age of puberty we ascend to a new level of intellectual ability to think in abstractions, deal with multiple personalities and reason about contrary-to-fact conditions. It also allows us to think about other people's thinking.
The Power of Play
David Elkind, PhD
Around the age of puberty we ascend to a new level of intellectual ability to think in abstractions, deal with multiple personalities and reason about contrary-to-fact conditions. It also allows us to think about other people's thinking.
The Power of Play
David Elkind, PhD
God forbade...must reading!
Oneupsmanship
Oneupsmanship is a term from the concept playing the game to win as opposed to playing for sport. The term comes from Stephen Potter's book, The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship, the Art of Winning Games, without actually cheating.
The book wittingly, wryly and gloomily concludes 'we amateurs have to fight against the growing menace of young people who insist on playing their games, effortlessly, for the fun of it, if the truth were known, indulging rather too freely in pure play.'
Oneupsmanship is the science of being one up on your opponent, at all times. It is the art of making him feel, somewhere, somehow he has become less than you- less desirable, less worthy, less blessed. You ask, who are your opponents?- everybody, in the world, who is not you. The purpose of your life must be to be one up, because, take note, he who is not one up, is one down!
An important factor in reciprocal liking in whether someone will like us is how much we believe the person does like us.
An experiment tested paired college students. One group was told their partner liked them, the others told they did not. The 'liked' group was friendlier and argued less.
A person's self-esteem has influence. As expected, those with positive self-esteem respond to reciprocal liking, those with negative self-esteem had a surprising reaction. The less than ideal preferred to work with someone critical of them, in the past, rather than treats them well. They feel they don't deserve it, the cycle perpetuates. Similarly, self-esteem can be lowered if they stay with someone who treats them badly or recklessly, more prone to find others who treat them the way they're used to.
Wikipedia
Oneupsmanship is a term from the concept playing the game to win as opposed to playing for sport. The term comes from Stephen Potter's book, The Theory and Practice of Gamesmanship, the Art of Winning Games, without actually cheating.
The book wittingly, wryly and gloomily concludes 'we amateurs have to fight against the growing menace of young people who insist on playing their games, effortlessly, for the fun of it, if the truth were known, indulging rather too freely in pure play.'
Oneupsmanship is the science of being one up on your opponent, at all times. It is the art of making him feel, somewhere, somehow he has become less than you- less desirable, less worthy, less blessed. You ask, who are your opponents?- everybody, in the world, who is not you. The purpose of your life must be to be one up, because, take note, he who is not one up, is one down!
An important factor in reciprocal liking in whether someone will like us is how much we believe the person does like us.
An experiment tested paired college students. One group was told their partner liked them, the others told they did not. The 'liked' group was friendlier and argued less.
A person's self-esteem has influence. As expected, those with positive self-esteem respond to reciprocal liking, those with negative self-esteem had a surprising reaction. The less than ideal preferred to work with someone critical of them, in the past, rather than treats them well. They feel they don't deserve it, the cycle perpetuates. Similarly, self-esteem can be lowered if they stay with someone who treats them badly or recklessly, more prone to find others who treat them the way they're used to.
Wikipedia
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Loner
A loner is one who avoids, doesn't seek human interaction, prefers to be alone. There are many reasons for solitude, the loner has no specific cause. Intentional reasons are spiritual and religious, unintentional are being shy or highly sensitive. The common connotation for the loner is negative, human beings are social, so, those who are not are deviant.
There are two distinct loners. The first prefer solitude and are content to have limited social interaction. They are not lonely, when alone. The second believe they are forced into isolation, rejected by society. These experience loneliness. Both characteristic common symptoms, the bliss of solitude comes at the price of loneliness.
Popularly, the loner carries a romanticism, seen as special or unique. The belief the truly great are iconoclastic to the corrupt standard, superficiality of life. The lonely hero is a common theme in stories.
Some see a benefit to being a loner. They can review things reflectively, mature faster, easily reach their goals and be more focused on the task at hand. Disconnected from others, they avoid peer pressure, make their own decisions. Because of a perceived superiority, they will only relate to the worthy. This loner will have few intimate relationships. Though it may take time, loners will give it up to those they confide, otherwise, shell up with someone unfamiliar.
The shy or lacking self-esteem can socialize with those they see constantly. An overly self-consciousness causes the belief others are sizing them up. A self imposed sense of alienation from society can develop.
Though preferring to be alone, loners do not reject human contact, altogether. An example, someone may only give what is necessary among co-workers, to avoid further complications among them, but during parties or social gatherings is charismatic with the not so familiar.
Most loners can act normally in social settings. However the uncomfortable strain of situations leaves them exhausted. They might have to retreat before being able to, once again, involve with others.
Wikipedia
A loner is one who avoids, doesn't seek human interaction, prefers to be alone. There are many reasons for solitude, the loner has no specific cause. Intentional reasons are spiritual and religious, unintentional are being shy or highly sensitive. The common connotation for the loner is negative, human beings are social, so, those who are not are deviant.
There are two distinct loners. The first prefer solitude and are content to have limited social interaction. They are not lonely, when alone. The second believe they are forced into isolation, rejected by society. These experience loneliness. Both characteristic common symptoms, the bliss of solitude comes at the price of loneliness.
Popularly, the loner carries a romanticism, seen as special or unique. The belief the truly great are iconoclastic to the corrupt standard, superficiality of life. The lonely hero is a common theme in stories.
Some see a benefit to being a loner. They can review things reflectively, mature faster, easily reach their goals and be more focused on the task at hand. Disconnected from others, they avoid peer pressure, make their own decisions. Because of a perceived superiority, they will only relate to the worthy. This loner will have few intimate relationships. Though it may take time, loners will give it up to those they confide, otherwise, shell up with someone unfamiliar.
The shy or lacking self-esteem can socialize with those they see constantly. An overly self-consciousness causes the belief others are sizing them up. A self imposed sense of alienation from society can develop.
Though preferring to be alone, loners do not reject human contact, altogether. An example, someone may only give what is necessary among co-workers, to avoid further complications among them, but during parties or social gatherings is charismatic with the not so familiar.
Most loners can act normally in social settings. However the uncomfortable strain of situations leaves them exhausted. They might have to retreat before being able to, once again, involve with others.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Intimate relationships
An intimate relationship is a particular close interpersonal relationship. It has a connotation for sexual relationship. Characteristic are enduring behavioral interdependence, repeated interactions, emotional attachment and need fulfillment.
Intimate relationships include friendships, dating, spiritual and marital relationships, with differing qualities of quality and quantity. Stages include developmental, attraction and dating, relational maintenance and repair, forgiveness, relational stressors, conflict and betrayal, and termination, calling it off.
Humans have a universal need to belong and to love, satisfied by an intimate relationship. In possession, people are provided with a social network with strong emotional attachments, the universal need to belong and be cared for fulfilled.
Intimacy refers to the feeling of being in a close personal association and belonging together. It's a familiar and a very close affective connection with another acheived through knowledge and experience of the other. Genuine intimacy requirers dialogue, transparency, reciprocity and vulnerability.
The meaning and level of intimacy varies. In anthropological study, intimacy is considered a successful seduction, rapport building to disclose previously hidden thoughts and feelings. Intimate conversations support 'confidences', secret knowledge that binds.
To sustain intimacy requirers well developed emotional and interpersonal relationship. Intimacy means the ability to be separate and together. Mary Bowen calls this 'self-differentiation', an emotional range involving conflict and intense loyalty. Lacking this quality is a symbiosis, even if feelings of closeness are similar.
Poor skills in intimacy lead to getting too close too quickly, struggling to find the boundary to sustain connection, being poorly skilled as a friend, rejecting self-disclosure, even rejecting friendship and those who have them, a poo-poo.
Compassionate love develops from potent feelings replaced by warm feelings of attachment, an authentic and enduring bond, a sense of mutual committment, the profound knowledge you are caring for someone who, in turn cares for you, feel proud of your mate's accomplishment, the satisfaction from sharing goals and perspective.
Intimate people are considered a couple, especially if ascribed to some degree of permanency. Couples often have the emotional security to work together, accomplish other tasks.
Wikipedia
An intimate relationship is a particular close interpersonal relationship. It has a connotation for sexual relationship. Characteristic are enduring behavioral interdependence, repeated interactions, emotional attachment and need fulfillment.
Intimate relationships include friendships, dating, spiritual and marital relationships, with differing qualities of quality and quantity. Stages include developmental, attraction and dating, relational maintenance and repair, forgiveness, relational stressors, conflict and betrayal, and termination, calling it off.
Humans have a universal need to belong and to love, satisfied by an intimate relationship. In possession, people are provided with a social network with strong emotional attachments, the universal need to belong and be cared for fulfilled.
Intimacy refers to the feeling of being in a close personal association and belonging together. It's a familiar and a very close affective connection with another acheived through knowledge and experience of the other. Genuine intimacy requirers dialogue, transparency, reciprocity and vulnerability.
The meaning and level of intimacy varies. In anthropological study, intimacy is considered a successful seduction, rapport building to disclose previously hidden thoughts and feelings. Intimate conversations support 'confidences', secret knowledge that binds.
To sustain intimacy requirers well developed emotional and interpersonal relationship. Intimacy means the ability to be separate and together. Mary Bowen calls this 'self-differentiation', an emotional range involving conflict and intense loyalty. Lacking this quality is a symbiosis, even if feelings of closeness are similar.
Poor skills in intimacy lead to getting too close too quickly, struggling to find the boundary to sustain connection, being poorly skilled as a friend, rejecting self-disclosure, even rejecting friendship and those who have them, a poo-poo.
Compassionate love develops from potent feelings replaced by warm feelings of attachment, an authentic and enduring bond, a sense of mutual committment, the profound knowledge you are caring for someone who, in turn cares for you, feel proud of your mate's accomplishment, the satisfaction from sharing goals and perspective.
Intimate people are considered a couple, especially if ascribed to some degree of permanency. Couples often have the emotional security to work together, accomplish other tasks.
Wikipedia
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Mind Control
Mind control, otherwise known as brainwashing or thought control when systematic, unethical manipulative methods are used to persuade others at their expense. The term applied to any psychological tactic subverting their thinking or behavior. Mind control is commonly known used on prisoners of war and in cult religions.
As to prisoners of war, chosen techniques include dehumanizing by keeping them in filth, sleep deprivation, psychological harrassment, instilling guilt and group social pressure.
Thought reform contains elements of Chinese culture, interpersonal sensitivity, learning by rote and self-cultivation. These used in extracting confessions, by the Russian secret police in corrective prisons and mental hospitals to produce value change. Methods are used by religious sects, political elites and primitive societies to initiate and convert new members.
Philip Zimbardo defines mind control when individual and collective freedom of choice and action is compromised by agents that modify or distort perception, cognition or behavior. He suggests we are all susceptible to such manipulation.
Social psychologist Robert Cialdini argues mind control is possible by covert exploitation of unconscious rules that aid in healthy social interaction. He says common rules can be used to prey on the unwary. He offers examples of mild and extreme mind control, notes when each social rule is exploited for false ends and offers resistance to these methods.
Exit counselor Steven Hassan describes various controls over human behavior, information, thought and emotion. Hassan claims cults recruit and keep members by using systematic deception, behavior modification, withholding information and intense persuasion techniques, fears.
Mind control is a general term for controversial theories you are thinking, emotions and decisions can be manipulated by outside forces.
Sociologist James Richardson says brainwashing techniques have spread to other fields with success, as in custody battles, one parent is accused of brainwashing the child in their favor, opposing the other parent. Similarly, charging sexual abuse out of the same motivation.
Wikipedia
Mind control, otherwise known as brainwashing or thought control when systematic, unethical manipulative methods are used to persuade others at their expense. The term applied to any psychological tactic subverting their thinking or behavior. Mind control is commonly known used on prisoners of war and in cult religions.
As to prisoners of war, chosen techniques include dehumanizing by keeping them in filth, sleep deprivation, psychological harrassment, instilling guilt and group social pressure.
Thought reform contains elements of Chinese culture, interpersonal sensitivity, learning by rote and self-cultivation. These used in extracting confessions, by the Russian secret police in corrective prisons and mental hospitals to produce value change. Methods are used by religious sects, political elites and primitive societies to initiate and convert new members.
Philip Zimbardo defines mind control when individual and collective freedom of choice and action is compromised by agents that modify or distort perception, cognition or behavior. He suggests we are all susceptible to such manipulation.
Social psychologist Robert Cialdini argues mind control is possible by covert exploitation of unconscious rules that aid in healthy social interaction. He says common rules can be used to prey on the unwary. He offers examples of mild and extreme mind control, notes when each social rule is exploited for false ends and offers resistance to these methods.
Exit counselor Steven Hassan describes various controls over human behavior, information, thought and emotion. Hassan claims cults recruit and keep members by using systematic deception, behavior modification, withholding information and intense persuasion techniques, fears.
Mind control is a general term for controversial theories you are thinking, emotions and decisions can be manipulated by outside forces.
Sociologist James Richardson says brainwashing techniques have spread to other fields with success, as in custody battles, one parent is accused of brainwashing the child in their favor, opposing the other parent. Similarly, charging sexual abuse out of the same motivation.
Wikipedia
Sunday, February 20, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Locus of Control
Locus of control in social psychology refers to the extent people believe they control events that affect them. This concept developed by Julian Rotter, in an important personality study.
People with high internal locus of control believe events result, mostly, from their own behavior and actions. Those with low internal locus of control believe powerful others, fate or chance determines events.
Those with high internal control have better control of their behavior, tend to show political behavior and are more likely to try to influence others than with low internal control.
High internal locus are more likely to assume their efforts will be successful. They are more active in finding information and knowledge about their situation.
In contrast, externals, task difficulty and luck, are associated with lower socio-economic status. Such that, social unrest increases the 'out of control' expectancy, these societies become more external.
There are two kinds of expectancy shifts. A typical shift believes success or failure will be followed by a similar outcome. Atypical shift believes success or failure is followed by a different outcome.
The Internal Control Index of Duttweiler assess internal locus variables as cognitive processing, autonomy, resistance to social influence, self-confidence and delay of gratification.
Bernard Weiner added stability and, later, controllability, how a cause perceived as internal, yet, still, beyond the person's control. The stability dimension added to why people succeed or fail after such outcomes.
Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale added the attribution of globality, hypothetical emergence of a new global reality, fallen barriers. Globality as the current state of world commerce has only recently come into existence.
The development of locus of control relates to family style and resources, cultural stability, experience effort yielding reward. Among internals, families emphasized effort, education, responsibility and thinking. Parents typically rewarded children, as promised.
In today's worldwide trade and economic development "companies are competing with everyone from everywhere for everything." While there is no one model for success, no surefire strategy for innovation and growth, emerging market challengers have evolved management and governance structures ideally suited for this new competitive reality.
Wikipedia
Locus of control in social psychology refers to the extent people believe they control events that affect them. This concept developed by Julian Rotter, in an important personality study.
People with high internal locus of control believe events result, mostly, from their own behavior and actions. Those with low internal locus of control believe powerful others, fate or chance determines events.
Those with high internal control have better control of their behavior, tend to show political behavior and are more likely to try to influence others than with low internal control.
High internal locus are more likely to assume their efforts will be successful. They are more active in finding information and knowledge about their situation.
In contrast, externals, task difficulty and luck, are associated with lower socio-economic status. Such that, social unrest increases the 'out of control' expectancy, these societies become more external.
There are two kinds of expectancy shifts. A typical shift believes success or failure will be followed by a similar outcome. Atypical shift believes success or failure is followed by a different outcome.
The Internal Control Index of Duttweiler assess internal locus variables as cognitive processing, autonomy, resistance to social influence, self-confidence and delay of gratification.
Bernard Weiner added stability and, later, controllability, how a cause perceived as internal, yet, still, beyond the person's control. The stability dimension added to why people succeed or fail after such outcomes.
Abramson, Seligman and Teasdale added the attribution of globality, hypothetical emergence of a new global reality, fallen barriers. Globality as the current state of world commerce has only recently come into existence.
The development of locus of control relates to family style and resources, cultural stability, experience effort yielding reward. Among internals, families emphasized effort, education, responsibility and thinking. Parents typically rewarded children, as promised.
In today's worldwide trade and economic development "companies are competing with everyone from everywhere for everything." While there is no one model for success, no surefire strategy for innovation and growth, emerging market challengers have evolved management and governance structures ideally suited for this new competitive reality.
Wikipedia
Saturday, February 19, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Egocentrism
In psychology, egocentrism is defined as the incomplete differentiation of the self and the world, including other people and the tendency to perceive, understand and interpret the world..in terms of the self.
Children have been known to be unable to separate their own beliefs, thoughts and ideas from others. For example, if a child sees candy in a box, they assume someone walking in the room also knows there is candy in the box. They reason, "since I know it, you know it, too."
Egocentrism has come to be known as a child's inability to see other's viewpoints. At this stage, their view of the world is the same as another's. For example, a little girl does not understand taking another's ball is wrong, she sees the ball as hers.
Egocentrism has come to be synonymous with compulsion. Philosopher Lao Tzu said, "Without ropes, they bind themselves." They see themselves in competition with others. Because of a fragile ego, they become defensive and self-justified. They are compelled to impress with their looks, machismo and charm, rather than focus on a mundane helping profession. The egocentric is shallow, lacking staying power for long range goals. Defensive, easily angered and jealous, they suffer in their fishbowl.
Egocentrism can be beneficial. In close relationships, feelings of being understood can be predicted, and lead to satisfaction.
There is a belief that because we know more about our own acheivements, when we learn about others, in comparison, our superiority decreases. Egocentrism is a rational, grounded approach to comparisons with others.
In a college study, when asked for reactions to seemingly embarassing situations, teen egocentrism found more prevalent among females.
David Elkind was the first to find egocentrism in adolescence. Elkind says, in a stage, the adolescent is primarily concerned with himself. Since he can not tell the difference between his own preoccupations and what others think, he assumes others are as obsessed with his appearance and behavior, as he is himself. Egocentrism in that he can not clearly identify another's perception.
Elkind created the term imaginary audience, teens believe there must be an audience in constant presence and overly interested in what they say and do. Personal fable, the belief they, alone, are the only ones capable of feeling the way they do.
Wikipedia
In psychology, egocentrism is defined as the incomplete differentiation of the self and the world, including other people and the tendency to perceive, understand and interpret the world..in terms of the self.
Children have been known to be unable to separate their own beliefs, thoughts and ideas from others. For example, if a child sees candy in a box, they assume someone walking in the room also knows there is candy in the box. They reason, "since I know it, you know it, too."
Egocentrism has come to be known as a child's inability to see other's viewpoints. At this stage, their view of the world is the same as another's. For example, a little girl does not understand taking another's ball is wrong, she sees the ball as hers.
Egocentrism has come to be synonymous with compulsion. Philosopher Lao Tzu said, "Without ropes, they bind themselves." They see themselves in competition with others. Because of a fragile ego, they become defensive and self-justified. They are compelled to impress with their looks, machismo and charm, rather than focus on a mundane helping profession. The egocentric is shallow, lacking staying power for long range goals. Defensive, easily angered and jealous, they suffer in their fishbowl.
Egocentrism can be beneficial. In close relationships, feelings of being understood can be predicted, and lead to satisfaction.
There is a belief that because we know more about our own acheivements, when we learn about others, in comparison, our superiority decreases. Egocentrism is a rational, grounded approach to comparisons with others.
In a college study, when asked for reactions to seemingly embarassing situations, teen egocentrism found more prevalent among females.
David Elkind was the first to find egocentrism in adolescence. Elkind says, in a stage, the adolescent is primarily concerned with himself. Since he can not tell the difference between his own preoccupations and what others think, he assumes others are as obsessed with his appearance and behavior, as he is himself. Egocentrism in that he can not clearly identify another's perception.
Elkind created the term imaginary audience, teens believe there must be an audience in constant presence and overly interested in what they say and do. Personal fable, the belief they, alone, are the only ones capable of feeling the way they do.
Wikipedia
Friday, February 18, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Fuzzy logic
"What's the point?"
Fuzzy logic are 'degrees of truth', while probabilistic logic corresponds to 'probability, likelihood' coming to different models of the same real-world.
Fuzzy logic and probability express uncertainty. Both represent subjective belief. For example, fuzzy uses how much a variable is in a set. Probability uses how likely I think a variable is in a set. They are not directly equivalent, the difference between possibility and probability.
A fuzzy concept can provide security because it provides meaning when an exact concept is unavailable, better than no denotation, at all.
To communicate or convey a message the speaker has to bridge his meaning and the meaning understood by others. This done instinctively, habitually or unconsciously, meaning negotiated, manipulated or brought in context.
Fuzzy concepts found in the creative process of forming new concepts to understand.
Fuzzy concepts are used to denote complex phenomena, to describe developing or changing events, shedding old meaning to acquire new meaning.
Fuzzy concepts are used to create ambiguity or vagueness, as an evasive tactic, or to bridge a contradiction. Implied is a inferred connection, without the specifics. This due to a failure or a refusal to be more precise. But it could be an introduction to a more exact formulation, toward a better understanding. It could also be a method to describe something very time consuming or too large to manage.
The concept of God, not easily defined, fuzzy logic provides security to the believer.
Wikipedia
"What's the point?"
Fuzzy logic are 'degrees of truth', while probabilistic logic corresponds to 'probability, likelihood' coming to different models of the same real-world.
Fuzzy logic and probability express uncertainty. Both represent subjective belief. For example, fuzzy uses how much a variable is in a set. Probability uses how likely I think a variable is in a set. They are not directly equivalent, the difference between possibility and probability.
A fuzzy concept can provide security because it provides meaning when an exact concept is unavailable, better than no denotation, at all.
To communicate or convey a message the speaker has to bridge his meaning and the meaning understood by others. This done instinctively, habitually or unconsciously, meaning negotiated, manipulated or brought in context.
Fuzzy concepts found in the creative process of forming new concepts to understand.
Fuzzy concepts are used to denote complex phenomena, to describe developing or changing events, shedding old meaning to acquire new meaning.
Fuzzy concepts are used to create ambiguity or vagueness, as an evasive tactic, or to bridge a contradiction. Implied is a inferred connection, without the specifics. This due to a failure or a refusal to be more precise. But it could be an introduction to a more exact formulation, toward a better understanding. It could also be a method to describe something very time consuming or too large to manage.
The concept of God, not easily defined, fuzzy logic provides security to the believer.
Wikipedia
Thursday, February 17, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Analytical psychology
Analytical psychology, the school of psychology orginating from the ideas of Carl Jung. Its aim is wholeness, by integration of unconscious forces and motivations of human behavior. Jung saw evidence of the world in dream, myth and folklore, promising deeper understanding and meaning. He said,
"the beauty of the unconcious is that it is, really, unconscious."
Observed patterns include thoughts and memories from life experience. They are common to everyone and, actually, it's what every human being has in common.
In order to go through the individuation process, we must be open to parts of ourselves, beyond our ego. We must grow continually in psychic awareness, pay attention to dreams, explore religion and spirituality, question the assumptions of the operant societal worldview, rather than just living blindly with dominant norms and assumptions.
Jung claimed self-realization can be acheived by individuation. His is an adult psychology. In the first half of our lives we separate from humanity. We try to create our own identities, the need for young men to be destructive, the animosity teens direct at their parents. Jung said at 35 to 40 outlook shifts from materialism, sexuality and having children to concerns about community and spirituality.
In this second half, humans reunite with the human race. They become part of the collective, once again. Prior to this turn, young men have not returned to a human collective experience. Jung said it joins in older, wiser years.
A common theme for young rebels is to search for their true selves and realize a contribution to society is, essentially, a need for the whole self.
Wikipedia
Analytical psychology, the school of psychology orginating from the ideas of Carl Jung. Its aim is wholeness, by integration of unconscious forces and motivations of human behavior. Jung saw evidence of the world in dream, myth and folklore, promising deeper understanding and meaning. He said,
"the beauty of the unconcious is that it is, really, unconscious."
Observed patterns include thoughts and memories from life experience. They are common to everyone and, actually, it's what every human being has in common.
In order to go through the individuation process, we must be open to parts of ourselves, beyond our ego. We must grow continually in psychic awareness, pay attention to dreams, explore religion and spirituality, question the assumptions of the operant societal worldview, rather than just living blindly with dominant norms and assumptions.
Jung claimed self-realization can be acheived by individuation. His is an adult psychology. In the first half of our lives we separate from humanity. We try to create our own identities, the need for young men to be destructive, the animosity teens direct at their parents. Jung said at 35 to 40 outlook shifts from materialism, sexuality and having children to concerns about community and spirituality.
In this second half, humans reunite with the human race. They become part of the collective, once again. Prior to this turn, young men have not returned to a human collective experience. Jung said it joins in older, wiser years.
A common theme for young rebels is to search for their true selves and realize a contribution to society is, essentially, a need for the whole self.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Envy
Envy is best defined as the emotion when someone lacks another's superior quality or possession, wishes for it or wishes the other lacks it. Envy can come from low self-esteem from a comparison threatening self-image.
Bertrand Russell said envy is a potent cause of unhappiness. It's a universal and unfortunate side of human nature, not only is the envier unhappy, but his misfortune inflicted on others. Russell also believed envy a driving force in democracy. It must be endured for a more just social system.
Envy and jealousy are used interchangeably, but have different definitions. Jealousy the fear of losing something to another, envy, the frustration of not having what another has.
The basis of all skill and work, we always choose our job because we want the wealth, fame and pleasure we see other's have, envy appears when one lacks, when he does not ask God for it or asks to spend it on his pleasures.
Wikipedia
Envy is best defined as the emotion when someone lacks another's superior quality or possession, wishes for it or wishes the other lacks it. Envy can come from low self-esteem from a comparison threatening self-image.
Bertrand Russell said envy is a potent cause of unhappiness. It's a universal and unfortunate side of human nature, not only is the envier unhappy, but his misfortune inflicted on others. Russell also believed envy a driving force in democracy. It must be endured for a more just social system.
Envy and jealousy are used interchangeably, but have different definitions. Jealousy the fear of losing something to another, envy, the frustration of not having what another has.
The basis of all skill and work, we always choose our job because we want the wealth, fame and pleasure we see other's have, envy appears when one lacks, when he does not ask God for it or asks to spend it on his pleasures.
Wikipedia
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Feral Child
A feral, or wild child is one isolated from human contact from a very young age with little, or no experience of human care, loving or social behavior and, indicatively, no language.
Legendary fictional feral children have normal intelligence, skills and an innate sense of culture or civilization, with a good sense of survival instincts. Integration into society seems easy.
These mythical figures have superior strength, intelligence and morals compared to 'normal' humen. From their perspective, upbringing arrives at a pure, uncorrupted state, the concept, the 'noble savage'.
In reality, feral children lack social skills, a normal process in enculturation. They might have trouble learning to use a toilet, to walk upright or display a complete lack of interest in activity around them. They often seem mentally impaired and almost, always have trouble learning a language.
Street children exist in major cities, and developing countries. They may be subject to abuse, neglect, exploitation and, in extreme cases, murdered by clean-up squads hired by police or local businessmen.
Children may end up on the streets for several reasons. They may have no choice, abandoned, orphaned or disowned by their parents. They may choose to live on the streets because of mistreatment or neglect, their homes do not provide them fulfillment of basic needs. Many children work in the streets because their families need income. Because homes and families are part of a larger society, underlying reasons for poverty and breakdown of homes may be social, economic, political, environmental or any combination of these.
Wikipedia
A feral, or wild child is one isolated from human contact from a very young age with little, or no experience of human care, loving or social behavior and, indicatively, no language.
Legendary fictional feral children have normal intelligence, skills and an innate sense of culture or civilization, with a good sense of survival instincts. Integration into society seems easy.
These mythical figures have superior strength, intelligence and morals compared to 'normal' humen. From their perspective, upbringing arrives at a pure, uncorrupted state, the concept, the 'noble savage'.
In reality, feral children lack social skills, a normal process in enculturation. They might have trouble learning to use a toilet, to walk upright or display a complete lack of interest in activity around them. They often seem mentally impaired and almost, always have trouble learning a language.
Street children exist in major cities, and developing countries. They may be subject to abuse, neglect, exploitation and, in extreme cases, murdered by clean-up squads hired by police or local businessmen.
Children may end up on the streets for several reasons. They may have no choice, abandoned, orphaned or disowned by their parents. They may choose to live on the streets because of mistreatment or neglect, their homes do not provide them fulfillment of basic needs. Many children work in the streets because their families need income. Because homes and families are part of a larger society, underlying reasons for poverty and breakdown of homes may be social, economic, political, environmental or any combination of these.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Culture
A new form of identification breaks down the understanding the individual is a coherent whole subject to cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers include place, gender, race, history, language, ethnicity and aesthetics.
A social process individuals participate in changing historical conditions. As an 'historical reservoir', culture is a factor in shaping identity. Critics argue preservation of cultural identity, based on difference is a divisive force in society. Others argue 'cosmopolitanism' gives a greater sense of citizenship.
Kwame Appiah found a peculiarity in social ethics. Whatever obligation given toward foreign, does not supercede what's done for family. Judith Butler asks what are the consequences, the familiar valued more than foreign? Paul Gilroy suggests a degree of estrangement, might be essential for cosmopolitan committment. This estrangement seen as an exposure to otherness to foster the irreducible value of diversity within sameness. Estrangement viewed as a de-emphasis on the familiar, by integrating otherness.
Cosmopolitan community is based on inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, a political structure tolerant of different nationalities. Cosmopolitan are people from around the world who form relationships of mutual respect.
Jacques Derrida claims the foundation of ethics is hospitality, the readiness and inclination to welcome another into your home. Ethics is hospitality. Pure, unconditional hospitality underscores conditional hospitality. Derrida's theory accepts the other as different, but of equal standing. Isolation is not a feasable alternative. Theory aside, importantly, how to incorporate the other, and, what's at stake.
Another connotation to cosmpolitanism came after WWII. The concept of 'crimes against humanity' became an accepted category in international law. This implies the notion of individual responsibility held for humanity.
Wikipedia
A new form of identification breaks down the understanding the individual is a coherent whole subject to cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers include place, gender, race, history, language, ethnicity and aesthetics.
A social process individuals participate in changing historical conditions. As an 'historical reservoir', culture is a factor in shaping identity. Critics argue preservation of cultural identity, based on difference is a divisive force in society. Others argue 'cosmopolitanism' gives a greater sense of citizenship.
Kwame Appiah found a peculiarity in social ethics. Whatever obligation given toward foreign, does not supercede what's done for family. Judith Butler asks what are the consequences, the familiar valued more than foreign? Paul Gilroy suggests a degree of estrangement, might be essential for cosmopolitan committment. This estrangement seen as an exposure to otherness to foster the irreducible value of diversity within sameness. Estrangement viewed as a de-emphasis on the familiar, by integrating otherness.
Cosmopolitan community is based on inclusive morality, a shared economic relationship, a political structure tolerant of different nationalities. Cosmopolitan are people from around the world who form relationships of mutual respect.
Jacques Derrida claims the foundation of ethics is hospitality, the readiness and inclination to welcome another into your home. Ethics is hospitality. Pure, unconditional hospitality underscores conditional hospitality. Derrida's theory accepts the other as different, but of equal standing. Isolation is not a feasable alternative. Theory aside, importantly, how to incorporate the other, and, what's at stake.
Another connotation to cosmpolitanism came after WWII. The concept of 'crimes against humanity' became an accepted category in international law. This implies the notion of individual responsibility held for humanity.
Wikipedia
Monday, February 14, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Meditation
Knowledge about the Bible is an indispensable good. Knowledge, by itself, does not lead to spiritual transformation. When Paul urged the Christians at Rome to 'be transformed by the renewing of your minds', he was thinking far more than the aquisition of information. "Mind" refers to a whole range of perceiving, understanding, valuing and feeling, that, in turn, determines the way we live.
Moreover, while knowledge is vital, and should be prized, it also poses some dangers. It often demolishes humility. The nickname 'know-it-all' is never used as a compliment. The Bible, itself, contains some warnings: "Knowledge puffs up, but, love builds up".
Both human experience and the Bible teach increased knowledge - even knowledge of the Scriptures- does not automatically produce transformed people.
Meditation is as slow the process roots draw moisture from the flowing river to bring nurture and fruitfulness to a great tree.
Meditation is likened, in Scripture, to a young lion growling over it's prey, or the low murmur of a dove.
Meditation is not meant to be confidential, spooky or reserved for gurus chanting mantras in the lotus position. It merely implies sustained attention. It is built around the simple principle, "What the mind repeats, it sustains."
The Life You Always Wanted
John Ortberg
Knowledge about the Bible is an indispensable good. Knowledge, by itself, does not lead to spiritual transformation. When Paul urged the Christians at Rome to 'be transformed by the renewing of your minds', he was thinking far more than the aquisition of information. "Mind" refers to a whole range of perceiving, understanding, valuing and feeling, that, in turn, determines the way we live.
Moreover, while knowledge is vital, and should be prized, it also poses some dangers. It often demolishes humility. The nickname 'know-it-all' is never used as a compliment. The Bible, itself, contains some warnings: "Knowledge puffs up, but, love builds up".
Both human experience and the Bible teach increased knowledge - even knowledge of the Scriptures- does not automatically produce transformed people.
Meditation is as slow the process roots draw moisture from the flowing river to bring nurture and fruitfulness to a great tree.
Meditation is likened, in Scripture, to a young lion growling over it's prey, or the low murmur of a dove.
Meditation is not meant to be confidential, spooky or reserved for gurus chanting mantras in the lotus position. It merely implies sustained attention. It is built around the simple principle, "What the mind repeats, it sustains."
The Life You Always Wanted
John Ortberg
Sunday, February 13, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Arousal
Arousal is important in regulating consciousness, attention and information processing. It's crucial in response situations, mobility, eating right, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity. Hans Eysenck claims the difference in arousal levels causes introversion or extroversion. The arousal level, the same, reaction to stimulus is individual.
The Yerkes-Dodson law states there is an optimum level of arousal for performance, too little or too much can affect task adversity. Easterbrook says an increase of arousal leads to a decrease in the number of cues used.
In psychology, arousal is described as a response to a difficult challenge from a subject with moderate skills.
A person with low arousal reacts less to stimuli than one without. Hare calls this a chronic state of 'stimulus-hunger', a claim more sensory inputs are needed to feel normal.
Latent learning is when you learn something, but it's not immediately put to use.
In a classic experiment, rats were put in a maze. Group one always found food at the end of the maze. Group two never did find food. Group three found food only on the eleventh day, not any sooner. Group one quickly learned to rush to the end of the maze for food. Group two never learned to go to the end. Group three acted like Group two up until the eleventh day.
Wikipedia
Arousal is important in regulating consciousness, attention and information processing. It's crucial in response situations, mobility, eating right, the fight-or-flight response and sexual activity. Hans Eysenck claims the difference in arousal levels causes introversion or extroversion. The arousal level, the same, reaction to stimulus is individual.
The Yerkes-Dodson law states there is an optimum level of arousal for performance, too little or too much can affect task adversity. Easterbrook says an increase of arousal leads to a decrease in the number of cues used.
In psychology, arousal is described as a response to a difficult challenge from a subject with moderate skills.
A person with low arousal reacts less to stimuli than one without. Hare calls this a chronic state of 'stimulus-hunger', a claim more sensory inputs are needed to feel normal.
Latent learning is when you learn something, but it's not immediately put to use.
In a classic experiment, rats were put in a maze. Group one always found food at the end of the maze. Group two never did find food. Group three found food only on the eleventh day, not any sooner. Group one quickly learned to rush to the end of the maze for food. Group two never learned to go to the end. Group three acted like Group two up until the eleventh day.
Wikipedia
Friday, February 11, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Logismoi
Logismoi is a Greek word that refers to false thoughts and desires that lead to sin and despair.
They are subtle and relentless. Ancient writer John Climascus compared logismoi to maggot eggs that incubate in the soil of our fallenness.
These logismoi are infernal counterparts to Scripture. They equip us for bad works. They make corrupt words and actions inevitable. They also make it difficult to meditate or reflect on Scripture.
The Life You Always Wanted
John Ortberg
Logismoi is a Greek word that refers to false thoughts and desires that lead to sin and despair.
They are subtle and relentless. Ancient writer John Climascus compared logismoi to maggot eggs that incubate in the soil of our fallenness.
These logismoi are infernal counterparts to Scripture. They equip us for bad works. They make corrupt words and actions inevitable. They also make it difficult to meditate or reflect on Scripture.
The Life You Always Wanted
John Ortberg
Thursday, February 10, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Mindlessness
Psychologists define mindlessness as a tendency toward mental drift. It's a failure to be fully present, a lack of attending to the present moment. In this state, we go on autopilot. For example, you are reading a page in a book, at the bottom of the page you realize you have no idea what you just read.
My capacity for mindlessness is staggering. Such a trait is embarrassing on the job, leading to the perception of a 'swiss cheese' performance. My capacity for mindlessness is more serious, it can cripple my spiritual life.
John Ortberg
The Life You Always Wanted
Psychologists define mindlessness as a tendency toward mental drift. It's a failure to be fully present, a lack of attending to the present moment. In this state, we go on autopilot. For example, you are reading a page in a book, at the bottom of the page you realize you have no idea what you just read.
My capacity for mindlessness is staggering. Such a trait is embarrassing on the job, leading to the perception of a 'swiss cheese' performance. My capacity for mindlessness is more serious, it can cripple my spiritual life.
John Ortberg
The Life You Always Wanted
God forbade...must reading!
Emotional Blackmail
Emotional blackmail a central form of psychological manipulation. It typically involves a close or intimate relationship. Susan Forward says emotional blackmail is manipulation, blackmailers close to the victim threaten, directly or indirectly, to punish them to get what they want. They might know their victim's deepest secrets or vulnerabilities. Many are friends, colleagues or family members with close ties that we want to strengthen and salvage. No matter how the blackmailer cares about the victim, they use intimate knowledge to win compliance.
Forward and Frazier distinguish "Four Faces of Blackmail", punishers, self-punishers, sufferers and tantalizers. The punisher's motto: "My way or the highway". No matter what you feel or need, punisher's override you. The self-punishers cast targets in the role of the 'grown up' , the victim set up to be the only one to respond, to come running when they cry. Sufferers take the stand,
"If you don't do what I want, I will suffer, and it will all be your fault."
Tantalizers, the most subtle blackmailers, nothing offered with a free heart.
Emotional blackmailers use fear, obligation, and guilt to ensure the victim is afraid to cross them, obligated to give them their way, feeling guilty if they don't.
Harriet Baker says people with borderline personality disorder are highly likely to use emotional blackmail. Similarly, the destructive narcissist seems to think he has a right to exploit others, to promote shame or guilt, and will resort to emotional blackmail.
Resisting emotional blackmail is not straightforward. "Honoring and protecting our integrity isn't easy. Blackmailers shout down our inner guidance, interfere with the contact they have with our known parts."
Recommended tactics are strengthening personal boundaries, resisting demands, use of the power statement, "I can handle this", buy time to break old patterns. Resistance does cause opposition and increased pressure. When one pulls out of a family system, others might brand the victim crazy, unforgiving or a family wrecker.
Wikipedia
Emotional blackmail a central form of psychological manipulation. It typically involves a close or intimate relationship. Susan Forward says emotional blackmail is manipulation, blackmailers close to the victim threaten, directly or indirectly, to punish them to get what they want. They might know their victim's deepest secrets or vulnerabilities. Many are friends, colleagues or family members with close ties that we want to strengthen and salvage. No matter how the blackmailer cares about the victim, they use intimate knowledge to win compliance.
Forward and Frazier distinguish "Four Faces of Blackmail", punishers, self-punishers, sufferers and tantalizers. The punisher's motto: "My way or the highway". No matter what you feel or need, punisher's override you. The self-punishers cast targets in the role of the 'grown up' , the victim set up to be the only one to respond, to come running when they cry. Sufferers take the stand,
"If you don't do what I want, I will suffer, and it will all be your fault."
Tantalizers, the most subtle blackmailers, nothing offered with a free heart.
Emotional blackmailers use fear, obligation, and guilt to ensure the victim is afraid to cross them, obligated to give them their way, feeling guilty if they don't.
Harriet Baker says people with borderline personality disorder are highly likely to use emotional blackmail. Similarly, the destructive narcissist seems to think he has a right to exploit others, to promote shame or guilt, and will resort to emotional blackmail.
Resisting emotional blackmail is not straightforward. "Honoring and protecting our integrity isn't easy. Blackmailers shout down our inner guidance, interfere with the contact they have with our known parts."
Recommended tactics are strengthening personal boundaries, resisting demands, use of the power statement, "I can handle this", buy time to break old patterns. Resistance does cause opposition and increased pressure. When one pulls out of a family system, others might brand the victim crazy, unforgiving or a family wrecker.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Cultivation theory
Cultivation theory is a social theory with a look to the long term effects of television on American audiences.
George Gerbner and Stephen Mirirai assert concern about TV viewing stems from the unprecedented centrality of television in American culture. They posit TV as a mass medium has become a common symbolic environment. Diverse communities are bound, people socialized into standard roles and behaviors. Comparing TV to religion, TV is to modern society what religion once was.
They regard audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society with a meaning that is open to little or no interpretation. Passive audiences often accept ideas, large groups conform behind ideas and the media exerts much influence over audiences. The audience seen easily manipulated, vulnerable.
Cultivation theory looks at media having a long term passive effect, starts small, but with a compound effect. For example, the body image and the bombardment of images.
The effects of a passive medium on the make up and structure of the symbolic environment are subtle, complex and interconnected with other influences. This perspective assumes the interaction between the medium and its 'publics'.
Cultivation theory suggests exposure to TV, over time, subtly cultivates viewers perception of reality. Gerbner says TV is the medium of socialization of the most people into standard roles and behaviors. Its function, in a word, enculturation.
Wikipedia
Cultivation theory is a social theory with a look to the long term effects of television on American audiences.
George Gerbner and Stephen Mirirai assert concern about TV viewing stems from the unprecedented centrality of television in American culture. They posit TV as a mass medium has become a common symbolic environment. Diverse communities are bound, people socialized into standard roles and behaviors. Comparing TV to religion, TV is to modern society what religion once was.
They regard audiences as passive, presenting ideas to society with a meaning that is open to little or no interpretation. Passive audiences often accept ideas, large groups conform behind ideas and the media exerts much influence over audiences. The audience seen easily manipulated, vulnerable.
Cultivation theory looks at media having a long term passive effect, starts small, but with a compound effect. For example, the body image and the bombardment of images.
The effects of a passive medium on the make up and structure of the symbolic environment are subtle, complex and interconnected with other influences. This perspective assumes the interaction between the medium and its 'publics'.
Cultivation theory suggests exposure to TV, over time, subtly cultivates viewers perception of reality. Gerbner says TV is the medium of socialization of the most people into standard roles and behaviors. Its function, in a word, enculturation.
Wikipedia
Wednesday, February 9, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Belongingness
Belongingness is the human need to be accepted in a group. We have an inherent desire to belong and be a part of something greater than ourselves. The motive to belong is the need for strong, stable relationships with others. More than a simple acquaintance or familiarity, the need to belong is the need to give and receive affection from others.
Abraham Maslow said the need to belong is a source of motivation. He says after physiological and safety needs are met, individuals work on the need to belong and be loved.
Others theorize we all need a minimum of regular, satisfying, social interactions. Inability to meet the need results in loneliness and a strong desire to form new relationships. We in western society do not arrive our sense of belonging from an instinctive, primitive tribal membership. We still protect members of the group and want to belong to groups.
To be accepted in a group, some may conceal part of their personality. This impressing is self-presentation, an effort to present your best side forward. In business, people may not reveal a funny side, but present a professional manner to impress.
People join groups with commonalities, a sense of humor, clothes style, socioeconomic status. Generally, people seek out those most similar to themselves. People like to feel they can relate to someone, those similar to them give them that feeling. People also like those they understand and who they think can understand them.
Wikipedia
Belongingness is the human need to be accepted in a group. We have an inherent desire to belong and be a part of something greater than ourselves. The motive to belong is the need for strong, stable relationships with others. More than a simple acquaintance or familiarity, the need to belong is the need to give and receive affection from others.
Abraham Maslow said the need to belong is a source of motivation. He says after physiological and safety needs are met, individuals work on the need to belong and be loved.
Others theorize we all need a minimum of regular, satisfying, social interactions. Inability to meet the need results in loneliness and a strong desire to form new relationships. We in western society do not arrive our sense of belonging from an instinctive, primitive tribal membership. We still protect members of the group and want to belong to groups.
To be accepted in a group, some may conceal part of their personality. This impressing is self-presentation, an effort to present your best side forward. In business, people may not reveal a funny side, but present a professional manner to impress.
People join groups with commonalities, a sense of humor, clothes style, socioeconomic status. Generally, people seek out those most similar to themselves. People like to feel they can relate to someone, those similar to them give them that feeling. People also like those they understand and who they think can understand them.
Wikipedia
Tuesday, February 8, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Coping
In coping with stress, people use one of three strategies, appraisal, problem or emotion focused coping.
Appraisal when you modify the way you think, denial or distancing yourself from the problem. With a sense of humor, you can change goals and values.
Problem-focused deal with the cause of the problem, with investigation, gathering information, learning new skills to manage problems.
Emotion based strategies are releasing pent-up emotions, distraction, managing hostile feelings, use of systematic relaxation methods.
People use the coping methods and other coping skills, that can change over time.
All methods are useful, problem-focused given an edge in lifeskills.
Men, generally, prefer problem-focused, women tend toward emotion based. Problem-focused tends to allow greater perceived control of the problem. Emotion geared may lead to a reduction in perceived control.
Resilience is a psychological capacity to cope with stress and adversity. Resilience can be a 'bouncing back' to a previous state of normal function. Or a 'diamond' approach, back to the wall, 'steeling', outdoing expectation.
Resilience seen not as an individual trait, but as a process.
Recent evidence to resilience as a 'turn around', a sharp reversal from spiraling disappointment. For example, some beginning junior high school could do poor with critical life transitions, but experience less severe problems than expected, all things considered.
People who cope with racial slant might show a 'hidden' resilience when they don't conform with society's behavioral responses. Aggression may be condoned, in an abusive situation, less emotional engagement may be protective.
Resilience completed with cumulative 'protective factors', and viewed as protective process, incorporating risk.
Most research finds resilience the result of individuals interacting with their environments, processing to promote well-being or protect from overwhelming risk factors. These mechanisms can be taught by good families, schools, or by social policies that make resiliency likely.
Wikipedia
In coping with stress, people use one of three strategies, appraisal, problem or emotion focused coping.
Appraisal when you modify the way you think, denial or distancing yourself from the problem. With a sense of humor, you can change goals and values.
Problem-focused deal with the cause of the problem, with investigation, gathering information, learning new skills to manage problems.
Emotion based strategies are releasing pent-up emotions, distraction, managing hostile feelings, use of systematic relaxation methods.
People use the coping methods and other coping skills, that can change over time.
All methods are useful, problem-focused given an edge in lifeskills.
Men, generally, prefer problem-focused, women tend toward emotion based. Problem-focused tends to allow greater perceived control of the problem. Emotion geared may lead to a reduction in perceived control.
Resilience is a psychological capacity to cope with stress and adversity. Resilience can be a 'bouncing back' to a previous state of normal function. Or a 'diamond' approach, back to the wall, 'steeling', outdoing expectation.
Resilience seen not as an individual trait, but as a process.
Recent evidence to resilience as a 'turn around', a sharp reversal from spiraling disappointment. For example, some beginning junior high school could do poor with critical life transitions, but experience less severe problems than expected, all things considered.
People who cope with racial slant might show a 'hidden' resilience when they don't conform with society's behavioral responses. Aggression may be condoned, in an abusive situation, less emotional engagement may be protective.
Resilience completed with cumulative 'protective factors', and viewed as protective process, incorporating risk.
Most research finds resilience the result of individuals interacting with their environments, processing to promote well-being or protect from overwhelming risk factors. These mechanisms can be taught by good families, schools, or by social policies that make resiliency likely.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Disinhibited attachment disorder
Disinhibited attachment disorder is a pattern of abnormal social function in early childhood and persists despite changes in environmental circumstances. For example, scattered, non-focused attachment behavior, attention seeking, indiscriminate friendly behavior, poorly modulated peer interaction. There could be associated emotional or behavioral disturbance.
Other findings on the reference to Little Red Riding Hood; not having a discriminated, preferred authority figure, not checking back after venturing away from the caregiver, a lack of reservation with unfamiliar adults, and a mindless willingness to go off with relative strangers.
Similar study finds an absence of a discriminated, preferred adult, a lack of comfort addressing distress, a failure to respond to comfort when offered, a lack of social and emotional reciprocity and emotional regulation difficulties.
Often friendless, a deinstitutionalization did not result in better treatment, in many ways shortcomings of institutional care were revealed. Many discharged patients were often unable to take care of themselves, ending up homeless or in jail. Unable to adjust to independent living, institutionalized, found to be 'stripping' away psychological crutches of their patients.
Wikipedia
Disinhibited attachment disorder is a pattern of abnormal social function in early childhood and persists despite changes in environmental circumstances. For example, scattered, non-focused attachment behavior, attention seeking, indiscriminate friendly behavior, poorly modulated peer interaction. There could be associated emotional or behavioral disturbance.
Other findings on the reference to Little Red Riding Hood; not having a discriminated, preferred authority figure, not checking back after venturing away from the caregiver, a lack of reservation with unfamiliar adults, and a mindless willingness to go off with relative strangers.
Similar study finds an absence of a discriminated, preferred adult, a lack of comfort addressing distress, a failure to respond to comfort when offered, a lack of social and emotional reciprocity and emotional regulation difficulties.
Often friendless, a deinstitutionalization did not result in better treatment, in many ways shortcomings of institutional care were revealed. Many discharged patients were often unable to take care of themselves, ending up homeless or in jail. Unable to adjust to independent living, institutionalized, found to be 'stripping' away psychological crutches of their patients.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Affect display
Affect display is an observable expression of emotion, displayed through facial expression, hand gestures, tone of voice, laughter and tears. There are many cultural variations. Affect display is critical communication socially. Interpersonal communication is colored by displayed affect. There are many theories on affective reaction from conscious and non-conscious reaction to positive and negative affect.
Affect theory by Silvan Tomkins refers to a biological portion of emotion, hard-wired, preprogrammed, genetically transmitted mechanisms in all of us. When triggered precipitates a known pattern of biological events, the result of innate mechanism and a complex matrix of nested and interacting ideo-affective formations.
Tomkins says optimal mental health requires maximization of positive affect, minimization of negative affect. Affect should be expressed to make ackowledgement of affect possible.
Affect theory can be used as a blueprint for intimate relationships, requiring members to express affect to each other to identify progress. Affect considered a critical building block of feeling and emotion. Some argue affect is pre-cognitive, others say its post-cognitive, based on likes, dislikes, preferences and sensations. Affect is a factor in emotional development, mood, arousal and consideration of the present moment.
Emotions are complex chains of events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to completely describe an emotion by knowing only some of its components. Verbal summations are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel or they may feel several different emotions at the same time. At times, people hide their feelings. Some believe public and private events seldom coincide exactly, that words for feelings are more ambiguous than words for objects or events.
Wikipedia
Affect display is an observable expression of emotion, displayed through facial expression, hand gestures, tone of voice, laughter and tears. There are many cultural variations. Affect display is critical communication socially. Interpersonal communication is colored by displayed affect. There are many theories on affective reaction from conscious and non-conscious reaction to positive and negative affect.
Affect theory by Silvan Tomkins refers to a biological portion of emotion, hard-wired, preprogrammed, genetically transmitted mechanisms in all of us. When triggered precipitates a known pattern of biological events, the result of innate mechanism and a complex matrix of nested and interacting ideo-affective formations.
Tomkins says optimal mental health requires maximization of positive affect, minimization of negative affect. Affect should be expressed to make ackowledgement of affect possible.
Affect theory can be used as a blueprint for intimate relationships, requiring members to express affect to each other to identify progress. Affect considered a critical building block of feeling and emotion. Some argue affect is pre-cognitive, others say its post-cognitive, based on likes, dislikes, preferences and sensations. Affect is a factor in emotional development, mood, arousal and consideration of the present moment.
Emotions are complex chains of events triggered by certain stimuli. There is no way to completely describe an emotion by knowing only some of its components. Verbal summations are often inaccurate because people may not know exactly what they feel or they may feel several different emotions at the same time. At times, people hide their feelings. Some believe public and private events seldom coincide exactly, that words for feelings are more ambiguous than words for objects or events.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Equity theory
Equity theory tries to explain job satisfaction, what is fair in interpersonal relations. It is a justice theory. Developed by John Stacey Adams, asserting employees look for equity between what they bring to a job and what they get from the job, compared to others.
Equity theory claims those who seem under, or, over paid will feel distressed. The assessed distress addressed to find equity. Equity is measured by comparing ratios of contributions and benefits. Partners do not need equal benefits or make equal contributions, just that ratios are similar. Subtle and variable individual factors affect perception and assessment of relations. Anger is induced by underpayment inequity, guilt is induced with overpayment equity. Common recognition or gratitude goes a long way to feel worthwhile, a more positive, likely outcome.
People are content if perceived inputs and outcomes are equivalent compared to others. All things considered, a senior official is likely to get a better compensation, his valued experience is higher. If one notices another getting more recognition, rewards for the same work, dissatisfaction is stirred up. This upsets equity theory, an organization perceived as fair, observant and appreciative when fair practice is sensed.
Equity theory in business defines inputs as employee's time, expertise, qualifications, the intangible qualites of drive and ambition, interpersonal skills. Outcomes include monetary compensation, perks, flexible work arrangements. The theory has far-reaching implications for morale, efficiency, productivity and turnover.
Wikipedia
Equity theory tries to explain job satisfaction, what is fair in interpersonal relations. It is a justice theory. Developed by John Stacey Adams, asserting employees look for equity between what they bring to a job and what they get from the job, compared to others.
Equity theory claims those who seem under, or, over paid will feel distressed. The assessed distress addressed to find equity. Equity is measured by comparing ratios of contributions and benefits. Partners do not need equal benefits or make equal contributions, just that ratios are similar. Subtle and variable individual factors affect perception and assessment of relations. Anger is induced by underpayment inequity, guilt is induced with overpayment equity. Common recognition or gratitude goes a long way to feel worthwhile, a more positive, likely outcome.
People are content if perceived inputs and outcomes are equivalent compared to others. All things considered, a senior official is likely to get a better compensation, his valued experience is higher. If one notices another getting more recognition, rewards for the same work, dissatisfaction is stirred up. This upsets equity theory, an organization perceived as fair, observant and appreciative when fair practice is sensed.
Equity theory in business defines inputs as employee's time, expertise, qualifications, the intangible qualites of drive and ambition, interpersonal skills. Outcomes include monetary compensation, perks, flexible work arrangements. The theory has far-reaching implications for morale, efficiency, productivity and turnover.
Wikipedia
Monday, February 7, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Intellipedia
Intellipedia is an online system for data sharing by the US Intelligence Community.
The classified levels for information on the three 'wiki's' are top secret, secret and sensitive, but unclassified. They are used by those with clearance from 16 IC agencies, combatant commands and other federal agencies. The wikis are not open to the public.
Intellipedia includes information on the regions, people and interest issues to communities using host networks. Intellipedia uses MediaWiki, the same software Wikipedia uses. Officials say the project will change the culture of the US intelligence community, widely blamed for failing to connect the dots on 9/11/01.
Intellipedia was created to share information on difficult subjects for US intelligence. Cutting edge technology is brought to an ever-more youthful workforce. It allows information assembled and reviewed by many sources and agencies, to address concerns pre-war intelligence did not.
Intellipedia was, in part, inspired by a paper for a Galileo award encouraging any employee at an intelligence agency to submit new ideas to improve information sharing. Calvin Andrus argued the real power of the Internet has come from the boom in self-publishing. He said the open door policy of Wikipedia allows it to cover new ground quickly.
Intelligence operative Richard Russell said Intellipedia allows analysts in different agencies to go in and see what others are doing on the same subject, and add their two cents. The goal: a decision superiority, not information superiority. He said,
"We have to get inside the decision cycle of the enemy. We have to find out what they're doing and respond to it effectively."
Some are concerned individual intelligence agencies will create their own wiki's, draining ideas and input from Intellipedia. A CIA official involved in integrating systems into the intelligence fabric says disseminating material to the widest possible audience of analysts is the key to avoiding mistakes.
Some see it risky to allow more information viewed and shared. An analysis director says it's worth the risk. The project originally met resistance because it runs counter to past practice, limiting the pooling of information. He says there are risks to everything we do. The key is risk management, not risk avoidance. The traditional intelligence community has been encouraged to participate. The system appeals to the new generation of intelligence analysts because this is how they like to work. It's a new way of thinking.
Wikipedia
Intellipedia is an online system for data sharing by the US Intelligence Community.
The classified levels for information on the three 'wiki's' are top secret, secret and sensitive, but unclassified. They are used by those with clearance from 16 IC agencies, combatant commands and other federal agencies. The wikis are not open to the public.
Intellipedia includes information on the regions, people and interest issues to communities using host networks. Intellipedia uses MediaWiki, the same software Wikipedia uses. Officials say the project will change the culture of the US intelligence community, widely blamed for failing to connect the dots on 9/11/01.
Intellipedia was created to share information on difficult subjects for US intelligence. Cutting edge technology is brought to an ever-more youthful workforce. It allows information assembled and reviewed by many sources and agencies, to address concerns pre-war intelligence did not.
Intellipedia was, in part, inspired by a paper for a Galileo award encouraging any employee at an intelligence agency to submit new ideas to improve information sharing. Calvin Andrus argued the real power of the Internet has come from the boom in self-publishing. He said the open door policy of Wikipedia allows it to cover new ground quickly.
Intelligence operative Richard Russell said Intellipedia allows analysts in different agencies to go in and see what others are doing on the same subject, and add their two cents. The goal: a decision superiority, not information superiority. He said,
"We have to get inside the decision cycle of the enemy. We have to find out what they're doing and respond to it effectively."
Some are concerned individual intelligence agencies will create their own wiki's, draining ideas and input from Intellipedia. A CIA official involved in integrating systems into the intelligence fabric says disseminating material to the widest possible audience of analysts is the key to avoiding mistakes.
Some see it risky to allow more information viewed and shared. An analysis director says it's worth the risk. The project originally met resistance because it runs counter to past practice, limiting the pooling of information. He says there are risks to everything we do. The key is risk management, not risk avoidance. The traditional intelligence community has been encouraged to participate. The system appeals to the new generation of intelligence analysts because this is how they like to work. It's a new way of thinking.
Wikipedia
Sunday, February 6, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Lovemap
A Lovemap is a concept of John Money when defining sexual choices. Money says its an idea, in mind, depicting the idealized lover and what they will do. Money says it is formed similar to the learning of a native language. It bears the mark of your own individuality, like your accent when speaking. The lovemap is specific in details about the idealized lover's body, build and color, not to mention temperament, manner and the like.
Money distinguishes lovemaps, including one vandalized, characterized by inappropriate behavior when young, pedophilia or incest. A paraphilic lovemap when lust is attached to fantasies, or, socially forbidden practices. Your native lovemap is individual, like a native language, assimulated as your own personal, inalienable possession, regardless of how many attributes are shared or not shared with others.
Bonding is an attachment between romantic partners, close friends, or parents and children. A bond has emotions of affection and trust. Any two people who spend time together may form a bond.
Dorothy Tennov postulates in her limerence theory some couples go through a limerent reaction, mixed passion, intrusive thinking and a fear of rejection and hope. Tennov claims one of three bonds can form. An affectional bond, neither is limerent, or one or both are limerent. Tennov's study found relationships have the limerence, or lack of, quality.
Weak bonds, taken from chemistry, responsible for the structure of social networks and the information in them. More novel information flows in weak, rather than strong ties. Since our close friends travel in the same circles, information overlaps. Acquaintances know other people, by contrast, they get novel information.
Sociologist Diane Vaughn proposed an 'uncoupling' theory. Vaughn says during a relationship breakup comes a 'turning point' , only seen in hindsight, followed by the period when one sees the end, but, holds on to it for, perhaps, a couple of years.
When one bonded to is gone, grief helps accept the loss, to adjust to the changed situation. The grief process varies with culture.
Attachment theory includes an emotional bond, the tendency to be close to another, to feel secure near them.
The enduring motivation to control a pleasantly surprising transformation among people. This motivation accounts for curiosity, the intellectual growth of language, mathematics and logic, all with the emotional base of security.
Wikipedia
A Lovemap is a concept of John Money when defining sexual choices. Money says its an idea, in mind, depicting the idealized lover and what they will do. Money says it is formed similar to the learning of a native language. It bears the mark of your own individuality, like your accent when speaking. The lovemap is specific in details about the idealized lover's body, build and color, not to mention temperament, manner and the like.
Money distinguishes lovemaps, including one vandalized, characterized by inappropriate behavior when young, pedophilia or incest. A paraphilic lovemap when lust is attached to fantasies, or, socially forbidden practices. Your native lovemap is individual, like a native language, assimulated as your own personal, inalienable possession, regardless of how many attributes are shared or not shared with others.
Bonding is an attachment between romantic partners, close friends, or parents and children. A bond has emotions of affection and trust. Any two people who spend time together may form a bond.
Dorothy Tennov postulates in her limerence theory some couples go through a limerent reaction, mixed passion, intrusive thinking and a fear of rejection and hope. Tennov claims one of three bonds can form. An affectional bond, neither is limerent, or one or both are limerent. Tennov's study found relationships have the limerence, or lack of, quality.
Weak bonds, taken from chemistry, responsible for the structure of social networks and the information in them. More novel information flows in weak, rather than strong ties. Since our close friends travel in the same circles, information overlaps. Acquaintances know other people, by contrast, they get novel information.
Sociologist Diane Vaughn proposed an 'uncoupling' theory. Vaughn says during a relationship breakup comes a 'turning point' , only seen in hindsight, followed by the period when one sees the end, but, holds on to it for, perhaps, a couple of years.
When one bonded to is gone, grief helps accept the loss, to adjust to the changed situation. The grief process varies with culture.
Attachment theory includes an emotional bond, the tendency to be close to another, to feel secure near them.
The enduring motivation to control a pleasantly surprising transformation among people. This motivation accounts for curiosity, the intellectual growth of language, mathematics and logic, all with the emotional base of security.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Psychopathy
Psychopathy has been known as a personality disorder, indicative of a lack of empathy, a marked lack of moral conduct, all the while keeping a facade of normalcy.
In the Handbook of Psychopathy, Christopher Patrick says there is no one cure or treatment, no medication that can instill empathy. Talk therapy makes psychopaths more manipulating.
The psychopath has many shortcomings in interpersonal relationships, self-control and emotion. They can get satisfaction through anti-social behavior, doing away with shame, guilt or remorse for their actions. Psychopaths put plenty of space between them and awareness of the harm levied on another. They, instead, rationalize behavior, blame someone else, or out-and-out deny. Their lack of empathy results in tactlessness, insensitivity and contemptuosness. This causes problems making a first impression.
Psychopaths have superficial charm, to say things, no holds barred, the value of the performative is paramount, little concern for the truth. A shallow quality makes emotion short-lived, glib and egocentric, with an overall cold demeanor. Behavior is impulsive and irresponsible. They have trouble keeping a job or default on debts. Psychopaths have a distorted sense of consequence to their action on others and themselves. They hardly know the risk of getting caught, disbelieved or injured because of their action.
Wikipedia
Psychopathy has been known as a personality disorder, indicative of a lack of empathy, a marked lack of moral conduct, all the while keeping a facade of normalcy.
In the Handbook of Psychopathy, Christopher Patrick says there is no one cure or treatment, no medication that can instill empathy. Talk therapy makes psychopaths more manipulating.
The psychopath has many shortcomings in interpersonal relationships, self-control and emotion. They can get satisfaction through anti-social behavior, doing away with shame, guilt or remorse for their actions. Psychopaths put plenty of space between them and awareness of the harm levied on another. They, instead, rationalize behavior, blame someone else, or out-and-out deny. Their lack of empathy results in tactlessness, insensitivity and contemptuosness. This causes problems making a first impression.
Psychopaths have superficial charm, to say things, no holds barred, the value of the performative is paramount, little concern for the truth. A shallow quality makes emotion short-lived, glib and egocentric, with an overall cold demeanor. Behavior is impulsive and irresponsible. They have trouble keeping a job or default on debts. Psychopaths have a distorted sense of consequence to their action on others and themselves. They hardly know the risk of getting caught, disbelieved or injured because of their action.
Wikipedia
Saturday, February 5, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Splitting
Splitting is a psychological term understood in two ways, a 'splitting of the mind' and as splitting of mental concepts. The latter thinking in extremes, good vs. bad, powerful vs. defenseless, a developmental stage and defense mechanism.
Splitting creates instability in relationships, as in borderline personality disorder, people are seen as all good or all bad, depending on being frustrated or gratified. Similar emotion leads to chaotic, unstable relationship patterns, identity diffusion and mood swings.
Borderline disordered people suffer intense fusion anxiety, the boundaries between self and others are not firm. A tender moment could mean dissolving into the other. Anxiety develops, if not properly resolved, is repeated.
Opposing feelings of love and hate, should have been split apart, usually hatred, appropriately repressed. This splitting linked to 'isolation'.
Melanie Klein's object relation theory recognizes this polarization, suggesting it handled in childhood.
Wikipedia
Splitting is a psychological term understood in two ways, a 'splitting of the mind' and as splitting of mental concepts. The latter thinking in extremes, good vs. bad, powerful vs. defenseless, a developmental stage and defense mechanism.
Splitting creates instability in relationships, as in borderline personality disorder, people are seen as all good or all bad, depending on being frustrated or gratified. Similar emotion leads to chaotic, unstable relationship patterns, identity diffusion and mood swings.
Borderline disordered people suffer intense fusion anxiety, the boundaries between self and others are not firm. A tender moment could mean dissolving into the other. Anxiety develops, if not properly resolved, is repeated.
Opposing feelings of love and hate, should have been split apart, usually hatred, appropriately repressed. This splitting linked to 'isolation'.
Melanie Klein's object relation theory recognizes this polarization, suggesting it handled in childhood.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Stereotypes
A stereotype is a held, popular belief about people or social groups. Stereotypes are standardized, simplified conceptions of groups based on prior assumption.
Journalist Walter Lippman calls a stereotype a 'picture in our heads', saying,
"Whether right or wrong, imagination is shaped by the pictures seen."
Sociologists believe labelling is necessary and inescapable. Stereotype assists in forming in- and outgroups. Ingroups are normal, superior, the one to associate with. The outgroup are all-the-rest, lesser, inferior.
Charles Hurst says one reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity with people in other groups. A lack of familiarity encourages the 'lumping together' of unknown people.
Stereotypes focus on and exaggerate group differences. Competition between groups minimizes similarities, magnifies differences. This can make the appearance some are very different, when, in fact, they are alike. For example, African Americans see their citizenship as prominently as racial background, and, so, feel more American than African.
Humanists argue stereotypes are not accurate representations, but a projection of one to another.
Another theory its too hard to incorporate individual complexities. Though stereotyping is inexact, it can organize large blocks of information. Categorization allows us to simplify, predict and organize our worlds. Once we have heard enough, we put everything and everyone in their place, yet, we have a hard time processing any new, unexpected information about someone.
Over time, some victims of negative stereotypes display self-fulfilling prophesy, stereotype becomes the norm to emulate. Negative effects are forming inaccurate opinions of others, taking the blame, preventing emotional identification and impaired performance. Stereotyping painfully reminds those judged how society sees them.
In movies, the halo effect is used, attractive men and women are assumed to be stronger, happier and nicer people.
Wikipedia
A stereotype is a held, popular belief about people or social groups. Stereotypes are standardized, simplified conceptions of groups based on prior assumption.
Journalist Walter Lippman calls a stereotype a 'picture in our heads', saying,
"Whether right or wrong, imagination is shaped by the pictures seen."
Sociologists believe labelling is necessary and inescapable. Stereotype assists in forming in- and outgroups. Ingroups are normal, superior, the one to associate with. The outgroup are all-the-rest, lesser, inferior.
Charles Hurst says one reason for stereotypes is the lack of personal, concrete familiarity with people in other groups. A lack of familiarity encourages the 'lumping together' of unknown people.
Stereotypes focus on and exaggerate group differences. Competition between groups minimizes similarities, magnifies differences. This can make the appearance some are very different, when, in fact, they are alike. For example, African Americans see their citizenship as prominently as racial background, and, so, feel more American than African.
Humanists argue stereotypes are not accurate representations, but a projection of one to another.
Another theory its too hard to incorporate individual complexities. Though stereotyping is inexact, it can organize large blocks of information. Categorization allows us to simplify, predict and organize our worlds. Once we have heard enough, we put everything and everyone in their place, yet, we have a hard time processing any new, unexpected information about someone.
Over time, some victims of negative stereotypes display self-fulfilling prophesy, stereotype becomes the norm to emulate. Negative effects are forming inaccurate opinions of others, taking the blame, preventing emotional identification and impaired performance. Stereotyping painfully reminds those judged how society sees them.
In movies, the halo effect is used, attractive men and women are assumed to be stronger, happier and nicer people.
Wikipedia
Friday, February 4, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Ironic process theory
The ironic process theory has two opposing mechanisms. The first automatically monitors unwanted thought, calling on the second, conscious operating processes should thoughts intrude. The theory suggests where there is cognitive effort, the monitoring process can replace the conscious process. Suggesting for effective thought suppression, a balance must exist, cognitive demand not dominated by conscious process.
Social psychologist Daniel Wegner urged participants to avoid thinking of a white bear. The typical finding suppressed thoughts of a white bear, brought on the return of such thoughts, sometimes obsessing over the suppressed. The implication used in clinical settings, trying not to think of problems, or other anxiety producing thoughts.
Cognitive overload inhibits success in operating systems when conscious attempts at distraction, finding something else to think about. The monitoring process, serving to alert of unwanted thought, jumping and intruding consciousness, continues to find unwanted thought in hyperaccessibility unchecked by cognitive process.
Wegner and Pennebaker state mental control happens when thought is suppressed, concentrate on a sensation, inhibit emotion, keep a mood, stir up a desire, squelch a craving, or, otherwise, put influence on our own mental states. Mental control, in the form of memory strategies, is used when we exert influence over our faculties of memory.
Wikipedia
The ironic process theory has two opposing mechanisms. The first automatically monitors unwanted thought, calling on the second, conscious operating processes should thoughts intrude. The theory suggests where there is cognitive effort, the monitoring process can replace the conscious process. Suggesting for effective thought suppression, a balance must exist, cognitive demand not dominated by conscious process.
Social psychologist Daniel Wegner urged participants to avoid thinking of a white bear. The typical finding suppressed thoughts of a white bear, brought on the return of such thoughts, sometimes obsessing over the suppressed. The implication used in clinical settings, trying not to think of problems, or other anxiety producing thoughts.
Cognitive overload inhibits success in operating systems when conscious attempts at distraction, finding something else to think about. The monitoring process, serving to alert of unwanted thought, jumping and intruding consciousness, continues to find unwanted thought in hyperaccessibility unchecked by cognitive process.
Wegner and Pennebaker state mental control happens when thought is suppressed, concentrate on a sensation, inhibit emotion, keep a mood, stir up a desire, squelch a craving, or, otherwise, put influence on our own mental states. Mental control, in the form of memory strategies, is used when we exert influence over our faculties of memory.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
People skills
People skills cover a range of communication competencies. In business and organizational relations, emphasis on awareness, presentation, getting along with others, negotiation, conflict resolution and decision making.
Interactive communication skills include effective prosocial interaction, empathy, understanding personalities and teamwork. Influential components are cultural awareness, conversational language and non-verbal communication.
People skills defined as understanding ourselves and moderating our responses, talking effectively and empathizing accurately. It involves building trusting relationships with respect, productive interaction.
Research finds development of speaking/listening skills have improved self-awareness, social-emotional adjustment and classroom behavior. Self-destructive and violent behavior decreased.
People skills include psychological and social skills, less inclusive than life skills.
Life skills, abilities for adaptive and positive behavior to deal with the demands of everyday life. Life skills address self-esteem, sociability and tolerance. Life skills are different than physical or perceptual motor skills, health and livelihood skills, money management or entrepreneurial skills. Health and livelihood education can be designed to complement life skills.
Expected learning knowledge, values, attitudes and skills that relate to critical thinking, problem solving, self-management and inter-personal skills.
Wikipedia
People skills cover a range of communication competencies. In business and organizational relations, emphasis on awareness, presentation, getting along with others, negotiation, conflict resolution and decision making.
Interactive communication skills include effective prosocial interaction, empathy, understanding personalities and teamwork. Influential components are cultural awareness, conversational language and non-verbal communication.
People skills defined as understanding ourselves and moderating our responses, talking effectively and empathizing accurately. It involves building trusting relationships with respect, productive interaction.
Research finds development of speaking/listening skills have improved self-awareness, social-emotional adjustment and classroom behavior. Self-destructive and violent behavior decreased.
People skills include psychological and social skills, less inclusive than life skills.
Life skills, abilities for adaptive and positive behavior to deal with the demands of everyday life. Life skills address self-esteem, sociability and tolerance. Life skills are different than physical or perceptual motor skills, health and livelihood skills, money management or entrepreneurial skills. Health and livelihood education can be designed to complement life skills.
Expected learning knowledge, values, attitudes and skills that relate to critical thinking, problem solving, self-management and inter-personal skills.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Optimal distinctiveness
Optimal distinctiveness is a social pysychological study people look for an optimal balance of assimulation and distinction within and between social groups. The two motives are in constant opposition to each other. Too much in one, the other must increase to counterbalance.
The theory of optimal distinctiveness proposed by Marilynn Brewer.
The theory linked to evolutionary theory, humans developed to live independently and to be part of a larger group. Optimal distinctiveness in the selection and strength of social identity between groups, satisfying individual psychological needs.
Optimal distinctiveness states ingroup distinction must be equalized by assimulation. Simply put, a unique continuum is balanced with homogeneity. An optimal identity satisfies the need for inclusion in the ingroup, distinction from the ingroup, or other outgroup.
Brewer says when optimal distinction is made, other identities too assimulated or too different will be rejected. Each experience happens at the expense of the other. People seek group membership that allows optimal equilibrium, depending on social context. Equilibrium is dynamic, constantly corrects deviation from optimality.
Baumeister and Leary explain this pervasive quest for group membership as a need for belongingness.
Wikipedia
Optimal distinctiveness is a social pysychological study people look for an optimal balance of assimulation and distinction within and between social groups. The two motives are in constant opposition to each other. Too much in one, the other must increase to counterbalance.
The theory of optimal distinctiveness proposed by Marilynn Brewer.
The theory linked to evolutionary theory, humans developed to live independently and to be part of a larger group. Optimal distinctiveness in the selection and strength of social identity between groups, satisfying individual psychological needs.
Optimal distinctiveness states ingroup distinction must be equalized by assimulation. Simply put, a unique continuum is balanced with homogeneity. An optimal identity satisfies the need for inclusion in the ingroup, distinction from the ingroup, or other outgroup.
Brewer says when optimal distinction is made, other identities too assimulated or too different will be rejected. Each experience happens at the expense of the other. People seek group membership that allows optimal equilibrium, depending on social context. Equilibrium is dynamic, constantly corrects deviation from optimality.
Baumeister and Leary explain this pervasive quest for group membership as a need for belongingness.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Visual thinking
Different authors, theories and fields report influences between language and thought. Many point out, by commonsense, we think in the language we speak.
Aaron Beck claims our emotions and behavior is formed by internal dialogue.We can change ourselves by learning to challenge, refute our own thoughts. Skilful use of language patterns can influence your own thoughts and behavior, but other's, too.
Controversial in that the general public is uneasy with subliminal manipulation. Linguistics programs have been accepted by the business community, but is it sinister?
These programs parallel mind control and research from Pavlov and B.F. Skinner whose work placed little value on free will.
In The Mind's Eye, Thomas West studies of great, fascinating minds of the 20th century including Edison, Churchill, Farady, Tesla and Einstein.
Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman says less than 30% use visual/spatial thinking, others think in combination with words, or words, alone. Silverman says of the percentage, an even smaller percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking and can be said to be 'true' picture thinkers like Einstein.
Wikipedia
Different authors, theories and fields report influences between language and thought. Many point out, by commonsense, we think in the language we speak.
Aaron Beck claims our emotions and behavior is formed by internal dialogue.We can change ourselves by learning to challenge, refute our own thoughts. Skilful use of language patterns can influence your own thoughts and behavior, but other's, too.
Controversial in that the general public is uneasy with subliminal manipulation. Linguistics programs have been accepted by the business community, but is it sinister?
These programs parallel mind control and research from Pavlov and B.F. Skinner whose work placed little value on free will.
In The Mind's Eye, Thomas West studies of great, fascinating minds of the 20th century including Edison, Churchill, Farady, Tesla and Einstein.
Theorist Linda Kreger Silverman says less than 30% use visual/spatial thinking, others think in combination with words, or words, alone. Silverman says of the percentage, an even smaller percentage would use this style over and above all other forms of thinking and can be said to be 'true' picture thinkers like Einstein.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Midlife crisis
Midlife crisis is an Elliott Jaques term for Western societies who show a doubt felt in the middle years of life. The result of the imminence of old age, or a converted passing of your own youth. Somtimes triggered by extramarital affairs, menopause, the loss of a loved one or no work, dissatisfying work. You hate your job, but are not sure the precedence of what to do, just when the kids are leaving home.
The choices: make significant changes in day-to-day life, in your work-life balance, marriage, big-ticket expenditures or physical appearance.
Many middle aged adults have major life events that causes a form of depression. As said, career setback and a close one's death, could have happened earlier in life, making them a crisis, not a mid-life one. By all accounts, I should have been dead, by now.
As began, is midlife crisis a particular Western idea? Evidence says the Japanese and Indian cultures show no cultural construct. Authors say Western society keeps a 'culture of youth' in perpetual motion. Research finds midlife for reassessment and reflection and wonder, what's the rub?
Work has been done to indicate men and women see midlife crisi differently. Male crisis most likely caused over work. Another suggests the female menopause and end to reproductive years implies a skewed view.
Freud related in middle age, everyone gets thoughts of their pending mortality.
It seems the idea is more a product of popular culture, than research into. Jungian theory says midlife is for individuation, a self-awareness with many paradoxes, of contradictorial nature. The integration of thinking, sensation, feeling and intuition can lead to confusion over your lot in life, compared to goals.
Eric Eriksen said in midlife we struggle to find meaning and purpose to life, questioning leading to a possible crisis.
Wikipedia
Midlife crisis is an Elliott Jaques term for Western societies who show a doubt felt in the middle years of life. The result of the imminence of old age, or a converted passing of your own youth. Somtimes triggered by extramarital affairs, menopause, the loss of a loved one or no work, dissatisfying work. You hate your job, but are not sure the precedence of what to do, just when the kids are leaving home.
The choices: make significant changes in day-to-day life, in your work-life balance, marriage, big-ticket expenditures or physical appearance.
Many middle aged adults have major life events that causes a form of depression. As said, career setback and a close one's death, could have happened earlier in life, making them a crisis, not a mid-life one. By all accounts, I should have been dead, by now.
As began, is midlife crisis a particular Western idea? Evidence says the Japanese and Indian cultures show no cultural construct. Authors say Western society keeps a 'culture of youth' in perpetual motion. Research finds midlife for reassessment and reflection and wonder, what's the rub?
Work has been done to indicate men and women see midlife crisi differently. Male crisis most likely caused over work. Another suggests the female menopause and end to reproductive years implies a skewed view.
Freud related in middle age, everyone gets thoughts of their pending mortality.
It seems the idea is more a product of popular culture, than research into. Jungian theory says midlife is for individuation, a self-awareness with many paradoxes, of contradictorial nature. The integration of thinking, sensation, feeling and intuition can lead to confusion over your lot in life, compared to goals.
Eric Eriksen said in midlife we struggle to find meaning and purpose to life, questioning leading to a possible crisis.
Wikipedia
Thursday, February 3, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Overjustification effect
The overjustification effect happens when an external incentive, such as money, decreases intrinsic motivation to do something. By way of self-perception theory, people pay more attention to the incentive and less attention to the satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity. Overall, its a move from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation.
In a classic experiment, a group of 3 to 5 year-old children were promised ribbons for drawing with felt-tipped pens. A second group wrote with the pens and received the unexpected reward of the ribbons, too. A third group did not get a reward. In free play, the children who won rewards used the felt-tipped pens less. Conclusion: expected rewards undermine intrinsic motivation of previously enjoyable activities.
Self-perception theory, people infer causes about their behavior based on external constraints. Tangible rewards, money, are perceived as controlling or coercive. It seems unexpected rewards, praise, is not considered a threat.
The overjustification effect is controversial because it challenges reinforcement and the use of incentives in school. Other findings, rewards for outperforming or doing something uninteresting lead to increased motivation.
Research finds to preserve autonomy and competence, focus on intrinsic reward. When the task is low on intrinsic value, chores, external rewards can apply. Pizza Hut's Book It program offered reward, but participants developed the desire to read, equally, as well.
Attribution theory reads learners are motivated by feeling good about themselves. It emphasizes self-perception, influences their assessment of their performance.
Self-handicapping defines biased causal inference, praise or blame attributed to success or failure. One student says "I got an A because I'm smart and I studied." The other student says, "I got an F because the teacher doesn't like me."
A self-serving bias attributes success to personal, internal factors, but, alledge factors beyond control contributed to failure. Self-serving bias can lead to the 'better than average' effect, the illusory superiority of believing your driving skills, social sensitivity, leadership ability is without comparison.
Wikipedia
The overjustification effect happens when an external incentive, such as money, decreases intrinsic motivation to do something. By way of self-perception theory, people pay more attention to the incentive and less attention to the satisfaction and enjoyment of the activity. Overall, its a move from intrinsic to extrinsic motivation.
In a classic experiment, a group of 3 to 5 year-old children were promised ribbons for drawing with felt-tipped pens. A second group wrote with the pens and received the unexpected reward of the ribbons, too. A third group did not get a reward. In free play, the children who won rewards used the felt-tipped pens less. Conclusion: expected rewards undermine intrinsic motivation of previously enjoyable activities.
Self-perception theory, people infer causes about their behavior based on external constraints. Tangible rewards, money, are perceived as controlling or coercive. It seems unexpected rewards, praise, is not considered a threat.
The overjustification effect is controversial because it challenges reinforcement and the use of incentives in school. Other findings, rewards for outperforming or doing something uninteresting lead to increased motivation.
Research finds to preserve autonomy and competence, focus on intrinsic reward. When the task is low on intrinsic value, chores, external rewards can apply. Pizza Hut's Book It program offered reward, but participants developed the desire to read, equally, as well.
Attribution theory reads learners are motivated by feeling good about themselves. It emphasizes self-perception, influences their assessment of their performance.
Self-handicapping defines biased causal inference, praise or blame attributed to success or failure. One student says "I got an A because I'm smart and I studied." The other student says, "I got an F because the teacher doesn't like me."
A self-serving bias attributes success to personal, internal factors, but, alledge factors beyond control contributed to failure. Self-serving bias can lead to the 'better than average' effect, the illusory superiority of believing your driving skills, social sensitivity, leadership ability is without comparison.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Confirmation bias
Confirmation bias is the tendency for people to favor information that confirms preconception regardless it's true. Evidence is gathered, information recalled from a selective memory and interpreted with a bias. The biases involve emotionally significant issues, pertaining to established beliefs. For example, people search for existing views, stands and attitudes about gun control. The bias includes attitude polarization, disagreement becomes more extreme, even with the same evidence. A belief preserverance, when beliefs persist despite contrary evidence. An irrational primacy effect, applying more weight to original proof. Bias covers an illusory correlation, falsely perceiving an association between events.
Early experiments found bias lent itself to confirm existing beliefs. Ideas were tested in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility, ignoring alternatives. Reached conclusions became biased. Explanations include wishful thinking and a limited human capacity to process information. Another cause for bias, people weigh the cost of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral way.
Confirmation bias contributes to overconfidence in personal belief and can keep and strengthen beliefs in light of contrary evidence. Because of this, leading to incomplete decision in military, political and social contexts.
Bias is distinct from a self-fulfilling prophesy, people behave to make expectation come true. Some psychologists say confirmation bias refers to any way people avoid rejecting a belief, in searching for evidence, interpreting or recalling it from memory. Others call it a selective collection of evidence.
In summary, people set a higher standard of evidence for causes that go against current expectation, a deconfirmation bias.
Even if evidence is sought and interpreted neutrally, to reinforce expectation, it is remembered selectively. This selective recall similar to schema theory, matching information is more easily stored and recalled. Some theorize surprising information stands out, and is more memorable.
Wikipedia
Confirmation bias is the tendency for people to favor information that confirms preconception regardless it's true. Evidence is gathered, information recalled from a selective memory and interpreted with a bias. The biases involve emotionally significant issues, pertaining to established beliefs. For example, people search for existing views, stands and attitudes about gun control. The bias includes attitude polarization, disagreement becomes more extreme, even with the same evidence. A belief preserverance, when beliefs persist despite contrary evidence. An irrational primacy effect, applying more weight to original proof. Bias covers an illusory correlation, falsely perceiving an association between events.
Early experiments found bias lent itself to confirm existing beliefs. Ideas were tested in a one-sided way, focusing on one possibility, ignoring alternatives. Reached conclusions became biased. Explanations include wishful thinking and a limited human capacity to process information. Another cause for bias, people weigh the cost of being wrong, rather than investigating in a neutral way.
Confirmation bias contributes to overconfidence in personal belief and can keep and strengthen beliefs in light of contrary evidence. Because of this, leading to incomplete decision in military, political and social contexts.
Bias is distinct from a self-fulfilling prophesy, people behave to make expectation come true. Some psychologists say confirmation bias refers to any way people avoid rejecting a belief, in searching for evidence, interpreting or recalling it from memory. Others call it a selective collection of evidence.
In summary, people set a higher standard of evidence for causes that go against current expectation, a deconfirmation bias.
Even if evidence is sought and interpreted neutrally, to reinforce expectation, it is remembered selectively. This selective recall similar to schema theory, matching information is more easily stored and recalled. Some theorize surprising information stands out, and is more memorable.
Wikipedia
Wednesday, February 2, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
character orientation
Character orientation is the direction of strife to describe character uniformly. Character traits, miserly, intolerant, get together an orientation of character.
Theorist Eric Fromm names four different orientations, receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. These orientations are affected by society, each solution to the problem of adapting to social demands.
Receptive oriented are takers, not givers. They get satisfaction from outside factors. They passively wait for others to provide them with love and attention.. They do not give these things away.
Exploitative oriented are egocentric and conceited. They do whatever they can to get what they want, including stealing or snatching something away from someone else just to get it. Exploitative are aggressive.
Hoarding save all they can, whatever. It could be love, power, someone's time. They like to have things, even if they don't need or use them. Hoarding do not like to share, they have a hard time letting things go.
Marketing orientation people do whatever they can sell themselves.
Wikipedia
Character orientation is the direction of strife to describe character uniformly. Character traits, miserly, intolerant, get together an orientation of character.
Theorist Eric Fromm names four different orientations, receptive, exploitative, hoarding and marketing. These orientations are affected by society, each solution to the problem of adapting to social demands.
Receptive oriented are takers, not givers. They get satisfaction from outside factors. They passively wait for others to provide them with love and attention.. They do not give these things away.
Exploitative oriented are egocentric and conceited. They do whatever they can to get what they want, including stealing or snatching something away from someone else just to get it. Exploitative are aggressive.
Hoarding save all they can, whatever. It could be love, power, someone's time. They like to have things, even if they don't need or use them. Hoarding do not like to share, they have a hard time letting things go.
Marketing orientation people do whatever they can sell themselves.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Audience effect
The audience effect is the impact that a passive audience has on someone completing a task. Studies show a passive audience helped in a simple task, but that presence caused difficulty in completing a harder task.
Drive theory concerns motivation. It contends people have psychological needs, when the needs are not satisfied, tension develops. When needs are satisfied, drive is reduced, we are brought to a calm, relaxed, all is good in the world attitude. The theory proposes drives increase over time, and, like a thermostat, operate on a feedback control system.
Criticism of drive theory questions how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money, itself, does not satisfy a biological or psychological need, but reduces drive by a regular paycheck. Secondly, it does not explain why humans increase tension in exploring the environment, even when they are not hungry or thirsty.
This arousal creates the drive to put us on our best behavior. If the dominant response is correct, or easy, social pressure produces an improved performance. If the response is incorrect, or hard, yields an impaired performance.
Clark Leonard Hull has worked with drive theory. His philosophy; organisms suffer deprivation. Deprivation creates needs. Needs activate drives. Drives activate behavior. Behavior is goal directed. Achieving the goal has survival value.
Someone with a high time preference focuses on his well-being in the present, on the immediate future relative to the average person. Someone with low time preference puts more emphasis on their well-being toward the future.
Austrian economist Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk says there is always a difference in the value of present goods and future goods. A difference in quality, quantity and form. The value of future goods diminishes with the length of time needed to accomplish.
Bohm-Bawerk cites three reasons; in a growing economy the supply of future goods is larger than the present, future needs are underestimated by carelessness and shortsightedness, enterpreneurs would rather use present goods, instead of delaying production waiting for future goods.
Wikipedia
The audience effect is the impact that a passive audience has on someone completing a task. Studies show a passive audience helped in a simple task, but that presence caused difficulty in completing a harder task.
Drive theory concerns motivation. It contends people have psychological needs, when the needs are not satisfied, tension develops. When needs are satisfied, drive is reduced, we are brought to a calm, relaxed, all is good in the world attitude. The theory proposes drives increase over time, and, like a thermostat, operate on a feedback control system.
Criticism of drive theory questions how secondary reinforcers reduce drive. For example, money, itself, does not satisfy a biological or psychological need, but reduces drive by a regular paycheck. Secondly, it does not explain why humans increase tension in exploring the environment, even when they are not hungry or thirsty.
This arousal creates the drive to put us on our best behavior. If the dominant response is correct, or easy, social pressure produces an improved performance. If the response is incorrect, or hard, yields an impaired performance.
Clark Leonard Hull has worked with drive theory. His philosophy; organisms suffer deprivation. Deprivation creates needs. Needs activate drives. Drives activate behavior. Behavior is goal directed. Achieving the goal has survival value.
Someone with a high time preference focuses on his well-being in the present, on the immediate future relative to the average person. Someone with low time preference puts more emphasis on their well-being toward the future.
Austrian economist Eugen von Bohm-Bawerk says there is always a difference in the value of present goods and future goods. A difference in quality, quantity and form. The value of future goods diminishes with the length of time needed to accomplish.
Bohm-Bawerk cites three reasons; in a growing economy the supply of future goods is larger than the present, future needs are underestimated by carelessness and shortsightedness, enterpreneurs would rather use present goods, instead of delaying production waiting for future goods.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Pleasure principle
In Freudian psychology, the concept people seeking pleasure and avoiding pain to satisfy their needs. In infancy and early childhood, the Id governs behavior by the pleasure principle. Maturity is learning to endure the pain of deffered gratification. Freud said an educated ego becomes reasonable, motivated by a 'reality' principle. This seeks pleasure considering reality, gratification deffered, when circumstances concur, pleasure is postponed and diminished.
Delayed gratification is the ability to wait for something desired. The intellectual attribute will power. Sociologically, good impulse control is thought of as a positive personality trait. Psychologist Daniel Goleman says its an important part of emotional intelligence. People who lack the ability to delay gratification suffer poor impulse control, they require 'instant' gratification.
To demonstrate the idea, the Stanford Marshmallow experiment gave a group of four-year old children one marshmallow, told, if they waited twenty minutes before eating, would get a second marshmallow. Some could wait, some could not. Further study in development found those who can delay were better adjusted, more dependable and, as high school students scored higher SAT results.
In a related study, children with fetal alcohol syndrome were less able to delay gratification.
Wikipedia
In Freudian psychology, the concept people seeking pleasure and avoiding pain to satisfy their needs. In infancy and early childhood, the Id governs behavior by the pleasure principle. Maturity is learning to endure the pain of deffered gratification. Freud said an educated ego becomes reasonable, motivated by a 'reality' principle. This seeks pleasure considering reality, gratification deffered, when circumstances concur, pleasure is postponed and diminished.
Delayed gratification is the ability to wait for something desired. The intellectual attribute will power. Sociologically, good impulse control is thought of as a positive personality trait. Psychologist Daniel Goleman says its an important part of emotional intelligence. People who lack the ability to delay gratification suffer poor impulse control, they require 'instant' gratification.
To demonstrate the idea, the Stanford Marshmallow experiment gave a group of four-year old children one marshmallow, told, if they waited twenty minutes before eating, would get a second marshmallow. Some could wait, some could not. Further study in development found those who can delay were better adjusted, more dependable and, as high school students scored higher SAT results.
In a related study, children with fetal alcohol syndrome were less able to delay gratification.
Wikipedia
God forbade...must reading!
Culture shock
Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that is abruptly, markedly other than your own. There are no fixed symptoms ascribed to culture shock, each is affected differently.
Noted findings are comparisons of your former culture and the new culture are seen in a romantic light, things are wonderful and new. You might like new foods, the pace of life, people's habits, architecture and the like. They can be fascinated. They associate with nationals who speak your native language, polite to foreigners. Plenty of eye-opening observations and new discoveries.
The honeymoon does end. When you set out to make a new start in a new culture, you may, sooner than later, find difficulty with language, housing, friends, school and work.
In this period, people experience, not quite alienation, but feel an influence on their lifestyle. They might have trouble working and resting, biological clocks out of sync. You might feel sick or lazy, repetition takes a toll. Loneliness and homesickness might take hold, dealing with the pull to get used to how things work, regularly, with people you are not familiar with.
They have to learn to think carefully before speaking, avoid saying something inappropriate, listen carefully to every word spoken to them.
Reverse culture shock is the awkward feeling returning home. In a readjustment stage, psychological and psychosomatic consequences are suffered. This can be more of a task than the original culture shock.
Troubles are some find it impossible to integrate into a foreign culture. Isolation has an appeal, addressing any hostility, with a withdrawl into a 'ghetto', anticipating a return to the native country. These same 'rejectors' have the same problems re-integrating back home. Some assimulate and are functionally integrated, sacrificing identity to the new culture. These 'adopters' can coexist in the host country. Some adapt to apparent positive aspects, while keeping customs and lifestyles of their own. They are cosmopolitan in transitions between cultures.
Culture shock has different effects, time spans and degrees of severity. Many feel handicapped and are not sure why. Culture shock is part a universal transition shock, a sense of loss and disorientation adjusting, following the life you left behind.
Wikipedia
Culture shock is the difficulty people have adjusting to a new culture that is abruptly, markedly other than your own. There are no fixed symptoms ascribed to culture shock, each is affected differently.
Noted findings are comparisons of your former culture and the new culture are seen in a romantic light, things are wonderful and new. You might like new foods, the pace of life, people's habits, architecture and the like. They can be fascinated. They associate with nationals who speak your native language, polite to foreigners. Plenty of eye-opening observations and new discoveries.
The honeymoon does end. When you set out to make a new start in a new culture, you may, sooner than later, find difficulty with language, housing, friends, school and work.
In this period, people experience, not quite alienation, but feel an influence on their lifestyle. They might have trouble working and resting, biological clocks out of sync. You might feel sick or lazy, repetition takes a toll. Loneliness and homesickness might take hold, dealing with the pull to get used to how things work, regularly, with people you are not familiar with.
They have to learn to think carefully before speaking, avoid saying something inappropriate, listen carefully to every word spoken to them.
Reverse culture shock is the awkward feeling returning home. In a readjustment stage, psychological and psychosomatic consequences are suffered. This can be more of a task than the original culture shock.
Troubles are some find it impossible to integrate into a foreign culture. Isolation has an appeal, addressing any hostility, with a withdrawl into a 'ghetto', anticipating a return to the native country. These same 'rejectors' have the same problems re-integrating back home. Some assimulate and are functionally integrated, sacrificing identity to the new culture. These 'adopters' can coexist in the host country. Some adapt to apparent positive aspects, while keeping customs and lifestyles of their own. They are cosmopolitan in transitions between cultures.
Culture shock has different effects, time spans and degrees of severity. Many feel handicapped and are not sure why. Culture shock is part a universal transition shock, a sense of loss and disorientation adjusting, following the life you left behind.
Wikipedia
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
God forbade...must reading!
Single-mindedness theory
Single-mindedness theory studies effects of social group preference on political equilibria. Those groups that can focus on fewer issues can gain most political power, better serving long range goals.
The theory shows groups that spread themselves too thin over too many issues lose political action to more focused, single minded groups.
By increasing the mindedness of disadvantaged groups, political power would improve. Government, then, able to undertake more redistributive policies.
Another advantage of this theory is to explain political failures.
Wikipedia
Single-mindedness theory studies effects of social group preference on political equilibria. Those groups that can focus on fewer issues can gain most political power, better serving long range goals.
The theory shows groups that spread themselves too thin over too many issues lose political action to more focused, single minded groups.
By increasing the mindedness of disadvantaged groups, political power would improve. Government, then, able to undertake more redistributive policies.
Another advantage of this theory is to explain political failures.
Wikipedia
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